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Boundless Lecture Slides on the Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides on the Boundless Teaching Platform

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Features of the Animal Kingdom Introduction to Animal Diversity Features Used to Classify Animals Animal Phylogeny The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom ] Introduction to Animal Diversity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Introduction to Animal Diversity > Features of the Animal Kingdom Features of the Animal Kingdom • Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom • Complex Tissue Structure • Animal Reproduction and Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/introduction-to-animal-diversity-27/features-of-the-animal-kingdom-162/

  6. Introduction to Animal Diversity > Features Used to Classify Animals Features Used to Classify Animals • Animal Characterization Based on Body Symmetry • Animal Characterization Based on Features of Embryological Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/introduction-to-animal-diversity-27/features-used-to-classify-animals-163/

  7. Introduction to Animal Diversity > Animal Phylogeny Animal Phylogeny • Constructing an Animal Phylogenetic Tree • Molecular Analyses and Modern Phylogenetic Trees Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/introduction-to-animal-diversity-27/animal-phylogeny-164/

  8. Introduction to Animal Diversity > The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom • Pre-Cambrian Animal Life • The Cambrian Explosion of Animal Life • Post-Cambrian Evolution and Mass Extinctions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/introduction-to-animal-diversity-27/the-evolutionary-history-of-the-animal-kingdom-165/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Introduction to Animal Diversity Key terms • acoelomateany animal without a coelom, or body cavity • bilateral symmetryhaving equal arrangement of parts (symmetry) about a vertical plane running from head to tail • blastulaa 6-32-celled hollow structure that is formed after a zygote undergoes cell division • body planan assemblage of morphological features shared among many members of a phylum-level group • Cambrian explosionthe relatively rapid appearance (over a period of many millions of years), around 530 million years ago, of most major animal phyla as demonstrated in the fossil record • Cenozoica geologic era about between 65 million years ago to the present when the continents moved to their current position and modern plants and animals evolved • choanoflagellateany of a group of flagellate protozoa thought to be the closest unicellular ancestors of animals • coelomateany animal possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended. • Coronacollina aculasponge-like fossils believed to represent the oldest animals with hard body parts that date back as far as 560 million years • Cretaceousthe last geologic period within the Mesozoic era from about 146 to 65 million years ago; ended with a large mass extinction • deuterostomeAny animal in which the initial pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus, and the second pore becomes the mouth • diploblasta blastula in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Introduction to Animal Diversity • Ediacaran periodperiod from about 635-543 million years ago; the final period of the late Proterozoic Neoproterozoic Era • enterocoelythe process by which deuterostome animal embryos develop; the coelom forms from pouches "pinched" off of the digestive tract • epithelial tissueone of the four basic types of animal tissue, which line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands • Eumetazoaa taxonomic subkingdom, within kingdom Animalia; all animals except the sponges • extantstill in existence; not extinct • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • homoplasya correspondence between the parts or organs of different species acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence • Hox genegenes responsible for determining the general body plan, such as the number of body segments of an animal, the number and placement of appendages, and animal head-tail directionality • mass extinctiona sharp decrease in the total number of species in a relatively short period of time • metamorphosisa change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development • monophyleticof, pertaining to, or affecting a single phylum (or other taxon) of organisms • Ordovician periodcovers the time between 485-443 million years ago; followed the Cambrian period Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Introduction to Animal Diversity • orthologoushaving been separated by a speciation event • Parazoaa taxonomic subkingdom within the kingdom Animalia; the sponges • protostomeany animal in which the mouth is derived first from the embryonic blastopore ("mouth first") • radial symmetrya form of symmetry wherein identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis • sagittal planedivides the body into right and left halves • schizocoelythe process by which protostome animal embryos develop; it occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue • triploblasta blastula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; formed during gastrulation of the blastula Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Introduction to Animal Diversity Embryonic development During embryonic development, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions, or cleavages, to form an eight-cell stage, then a hollow blastula. During a process called gastrulation, the blastula folds inward to form a cavity in the gastrula. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Features of the Animal Kingdom. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/Figure_27_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Introduction to Animal Diversity Mass extinctions Mass extinctions have occurred repeatedly over geological time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  15. Introduction to Animal Diversity Heterotrophs All animals are heterotrophs that derive energy from food. The (a) black bear is an omnivore, eating both plants and animals. The (b) heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite that derives energy from its hosts. It spends its larval stage in mosquitoes and its adult stage infesting the heart of dogs and other mammals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Features of the Animal Kingdom. November 13, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/View on Boundless.com

  16. Introduction to Animal Diversity Hox genes Hox genes are highly-conserved genes encoding transcription factors that determine the course of embryonic development in animals. In vertebrates, the genes have been duplicated into four clusters: Hox-A, Hox-B, Hox-C, and Hox-D. Genes within these clusters are expressed in certain body segments at certain stages of development. Shown here is the homology between Hox genes in mice and humans. Note how Hox gene expression, as indicated with orange, pink, blue, and green shading, occurs in the same body segments in both the mouse and the human. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Features of the Animal Kingdom. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/Figure_27_01_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  17. Introduction to Animal Diversity Sponges Sponges, such as those in the Caribbean Sea, are classified as Parazoans because they are very simple animals that do not contain true specialized tissues. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sponges in Caribbean Sea, Cayman Islands."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Introduction to Animal Diversity Radial symmetry Some organisms, like sea anemones (phylum Cnidaria), have radial symmetry. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Radial symmetry."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_symmetry%23Radial_symmetryView on Boundless.com

  19. Introduction to Animal Diversity Cambrian period An artist's rendition depicts some organisms from the Cambrian period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  20. Introduction to Animal Diversity Trilobites These fossils (a–d) belong to trilobites, extinct arthropods that appeared in the early Cambrian period 525 million years ago and disappeared from the fossil record during a mass extinction at the end of the Permian period about 250 million years ago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  21. Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylogenetic tree of life A phylogenetic tree of life, showing the relationship between species whose genomes had been sequenced as of 2006. The very center represents the last universal ancestor of all life on earth. The different colors represent the three domains of life: pink represents eukaryota (animals, plants, and fungi); blue represents bacteria; and green represents archaea. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Tree of life SVG."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_SVG.svgView on Boundless.com

  22. Introduction to Animal Diversity Phlyogenetic tree of life Advances in molecular biology and analysis of polymeric molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins have contributed to the development of phylogenetic trees. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."PhylogeneticTree."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PhylogeneticTree.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. Introduction to Animal Diversity Bilateral symmetry This monarch butterfly demonstrates bilateral symmetry down the sagittal plane, with the line of symmetry running from ventral to dorsal and dividing the body into two left and right halves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Monarch In May."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_In_May.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Introduction to Animal Diversity Secondary radial symmetry in echinoderms The larvae of echinoderms (sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins) have bilateral symmetry as larvae, but develop radial symmetry as full adults. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Starfish, Mauritius."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starfish,_Mauritius.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Introduction to Animal Diversity Incomplete and complete metamorphosis (a) The grasshopper undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. (b) The butterfly undergoes complete metamorphosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Features of the Animal Kingdom. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/Figure_27_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Introduction to Animal Diversity Fossils from Ediacaran period Fossils of (a) Cyclomedusa and (b) Dickinsonia that evolved during the Ediacaran period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  27. Introduction to Animal Diversity Earth's history (a) Earth's history is divided into eons, eras, and periods. The Ediacaran period was the final period of the Proterozoic Era which ended in the Cambrian period of the Phanerozoic Era. (b) Stages on the geological time scale are represented as a spiral. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  28. Introduction to Animal Diversity Germ development in embryogenesis During embryogenesis, diploblasts develop two embryonic germ layers: an ectoderm and an endoderm. Triploblasts develop a third layer, the mesoderm, between the endoderm and ectoderm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44656/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  29. Introduction to Animal Diversity Differentiation in triploblasts Triploblasts may be (a) acoelomates, (b) eucoelomates, or (c) pseudocoelomates. Acoelomates have no body cavity. Eucoelomates have a body cavity within the mesoderm, called a coelom, which is lined with mesoderm. Pseudocoelomates also have a body cavity, but it is sandwiched between the endoderm and mesoderm. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44656/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  30. Introduction to Animal Diversity Earth's oxygen concentration The oxygen concentration in earth's atmosphere rose sharply around 300 million years ago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  31. Introduction to Animal Diversity Early embryonic development in eucoelomates Eucoelomates can be divided into two groups based on their early embryonic development. In protostomes, part of the mesoderm separates to form the coelom in a process called schizocoely. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm pinches off to form the coelom in a process called enterocoely. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44656/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  32. Introduction to Animal Diversity Attribution • Wiktionary."extant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extant • Wiktionary."heterotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterotroph • Wikipedia."body plan."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/body%20plan • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Features of the Animal Kingdom. November 13, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44654/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."epithelial tissue."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epithelial%20tissue • Wiktionary."Eumetazoa."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eumetazoa • Wiktionary."Parazoa."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Parazoa • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."blastula."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blastula • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/hox-gene-2eac4aad-fc37-4675-b665-42bc0b4412de • Wiktionary."metamorphosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metamorphosis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44655/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."bilateral symmetry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilateral_symmetry • Wiktionary."radial symmetry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radial_symmetry • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/sagittal-plane • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44656/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  33. Introduction to Animal Diversity • Wikipedia."enterocoely."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/enterocoely • Wikipedia."schizocoely."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/schizocoely • Wiktionary."deuterostome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deuterostome • Wiktionary."protostome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protostome • Wiktionary."acoelomate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acoelomate • Wiktionary."coelomate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelomate • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/triploblast • Wikipedia."diploblast."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diploblast • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44656/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."orthologous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthologous • Wiktionary."homoplasy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homoplasy • Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Evolution Trees."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Evolution_Trees • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44658/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."monophyletic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monophyletic • Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Evolution Trees."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Evolution_Trees • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44658/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/coronacollina-acula • Wiktionary."choanoflagellate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/choanoflagellate • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ediacaran-period Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  34. Introduction to Animal Diversity • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Ordovician period."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician%20period • Wikipedia."Cambrian explosion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian%20explosion • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."mass extinction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mass_extinction • Wiktionary."Cretaceous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cretaceous • Wiktionary."Cenozoic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cenozoic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44660/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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