The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

1. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

2. The United Nations Charter – Preamble WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED • To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and • to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and • to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and • to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS • to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and • to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and • to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and • to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

3. The Bipolarization of Europe

4. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Restorationof the balance of power Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Yugoslavia] • Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

5. The Marshall Plan

6. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

7. Truman Doctrine - 1947 • “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.”

8. The Division of Berlin

9. Berlin Airlift • -map.svg

10. Berlin Airlift Statistics Duration: 462 days; June 26, 1948-Sept. 30, 1949. Flights: 278,228  189,963 U.S., 87,841 British, 424 French. Miles flown: 134 million (nearly 1 1/2 times distance to sun). Deaths from crashes: 31 Americans, 39 British, at least 9 Germans. Busiest 24 hours: April 15-16, 1949; 1,398 flights (one landing almost every minute), 12,940 tons of cargo (equal to 22 trains with 50 railcars each). Cargo delivered: 2,326,406 tons, two-thirds of it coal. Candy parachuted: 23 tons.

11. Berlin Wall – 1961 - 1990

12. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

13. Korean War[1950-1953] “Dean, we’ve got to stop the sons-of-bitches no matter what.” - Harry Truman

14. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory” – Fear that if one country fell to Communism, others around it would as well.

15. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

16. The Cold War at Home

17. HUACHouse Committee on Un-American Activities • House Un-American Activities Committee • Investigate possible communist activity • 1947 : movie industry • Hollywood had a number of communists • Wanted to rid Hollywood of Communist influence

18. The Hollywood Ten • What were they accused of?? • Disloyalty • Being Communist • Exposing moviegoers to Communist propaganda • How were they affected?? • Prison • Blacklisted (approx 500 people)

19. Alger Hiss • Accused of?? • Spying for the Soviet Union • Passing government documents to the SU • Perjury • How was he affected? • Convicted of perjury and jailed

20. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • What were they accused of? • Spying for the Soviet Union • Passing information about the atomic bomb • How were they affected? • Convicted and executed

21. “McCarthyism” • Senator Joseph McCarthy • Needed a winning issue for reelection • Communists in the government • During a speech he claimed to hold a list of 205 Communists in State Dept. • Kept changing number • When challenged he responded with another accusation

22. McCarthy Telegram to Truman