The Scientific Revolution and the Changing Views of the Universe

1. World History Chapter 22: Enlightenment and Revolution

2. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Chapter 22: Enlightenment and Revolution

3. What is the Scientific Revolution? • A new way of thinking about the natural world • A willingness to question accepted beliefs • How do we know what we know?? • Mid 1500’s- 1600’s

4. Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Universe • Questions asked: • What is the earth’s place in the universe? • Where does heaven fit in?

5. The Accepted Model of the Universe Before the Sci Rev • “Ptolemaic System” • Ptolemy wrote The Almagest (150 c.e.) • Geocentric Theory- the earth is at center of the universe • “Concentric Spheres” above earth

6. The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- /Geocentric Theory • A “Sphere” surrounded the earth • Stars attached to this sphere • Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 hours • Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)

7. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish Priest/Astronomer • Did not believe the Earth was at the center of the universe

8. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Heliocentrism– Sun is at the center of the universe • Challenged Ptolemaic model • Argued that the farther the planet from the sun, the longer it took to revolve around it

9. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Believed in the daily rotation of the earth on its axis • and the journey of the earth around the sun each year

10. Copernicus • Wrote:On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Published after his death 1543 • Theories allowed for others to re-think views of the universe

11. Nicolaus Copernicus & Heliocentrism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs

12. Tycho Brahe • Danish Astronomer • 1546-1601 • Suggested: • Mercury & Venus revolved around sun, • But other planets revolved around earth

13. Tycho Brahe • Constructed scientific instruments for observation of planets • Observed and recorded movement of planets for many years • Compiled large amounts of data

14. The Scandalous Life of Tycho Brahe- TED TALKS • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QDvKzY4aqA

15. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • German astronomer • Was Tyco Brahe’s assistant • InheritedBrahe’s data/writings

16. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric universe + Brahe’s data = • A new interpretation of the Universe

17. Kepler’s Book • Published book: The New Astronomy, 1609 • 1. 1st astronomical model to portray motion • 2. Path of planets as elliptical, not circular • 3. Sun centered universe

18. Giordano Bruno • Dominican Monk/Astronomer • Italian • Born 5 years after Copernicus died • Controversial!

19. Giordano Bruno,1584 • Published two books: • 1. “Cena de la Cenari” –defended heliocentric theory of Copernicus • 2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi (“On the Infinite Universe and Worlds”) …

20. Giordano Bruno Argued That: • 1. Universe is infinite • 2. Universe contains an infinite number of worlds AND…..

21. Giordano Bruno Argued That: • 3. These worlds are inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!

22. Giordano Bruno Was… • Investigated & Arrested • Sent to trial 1592 • Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated periodically • Refused to recant (take back) heretical statements regarding the universe

23. Death of Bruno • Declared a heretic • Burned at the stake ! • His file is missing from records

24. Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) • Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & astronomer • 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics University of Pisa • 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. University of Padua

25. Galileo’s Achievements • 1. Perfected Dutch Telescope • First used it 1609

26. Galileo’s Achievements • 2. Discovered Sunspots • 3. Discovered moons around Jupiter -named them after Medicis“MediceaSidera” (Medician Stars) - Name later changed to: Io, Europa, Ganymede,Callisto

27. Galileo’s Achievements • 4. Wrote : Starry Messenger (1610) • Argued: • Copernican view of the Universe • Universe subject to mathematical laws

28. “The Universe; Galileo Galilei” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QUegBP3qwg

29. Galileo’s Troubles • In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus • Sun centered (heliocentric theory)

30. IN1623 Galileo’s Acquaintance • Became Pope Urban VIII • Gave Galileo permission to resume discussion regarding Copernican system • As long as he treated topic as theory/hypothesis • And not TRUTH

31. Galileo’s “Mistake” • 1632 published : • “Dialogue on the 2 Chief World Systems” • Featured 2 characters: • A “dumb” character (favored geocentric model) & • A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric model)

32. The Problem? • Pope Urban VIII thought • Galileo was mocking him, and took personal offense! • 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the Inquisition

33. Galileo was Imprisoned in 1633 by The Inquisition • He Refused to recant his theories • Found guilty • Punishment: • House Arrest • Books were banned • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

34. Bacon, Newton, & Descartes *****

35. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of Scientific Method or Empiricism • Believed that: Investigation + evidence lead to truth • empiricism became popular after Isaac Newton used method

36. About the Scientific Method • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVfI1wat2y8 • 1. Discuss your past science projects and your experience using the scientific method. • 2. Did the video give you a better understanding of how scientists use the scientific method in their research?

37. Isaac Newton • English Mathematician 1642-1727 • Believed in Empiricism: one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

38. Newton Combined… • 1. Kepler’s laws of motion for the heavenly bodies and… • 2. Galileo’s laws of motion for things on earth. • Proved that Motion could be timed and measured

39. Newton’s Accomplishments • 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics. • 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”

40. Newton’s Accomplishments • 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus. • 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravity • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncttbyZ5U8M

41. How Far Would You Have to Go to Escape Gravity? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlxKh4oCKhwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlxKh4oCKhw • 1. Did this video give you a better understanding of gravity?

42. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Relied on “ Rational deduction” instead of empiricism/inductive method • Originally a mathematician • invented analytical geometry

43. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Descartes doubted everything except the following- • Two Categories of Existing Things : • 1. thinking things • 2. Things that occupy space • But…He could not doubt his own act of thinking

44. TED –ED How do you know you really exist (2014)? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmxlcJFTaYU • “I think, therefore I am!” - Descartes

45. Chemistry, Biology, & Medicine ****

46. Galen • Ancient Greek Physician (2nd century) • European Doctors still using his method of teaching medicine in the 1500’s!

47. Galen’s Views of Anatomy • Anatomy: relied on animal, rather than human dissection • This fostered an inaccurate view of the human body

48. Paracelsus (“Greater than Celsus”) • Phillip Aureolus Von Hohenheim (1493-1541) • German-Swiss Physician • Rejected Galen’s theories

49. Paracelsus (“Greater than Celsus”) • Observation & Experiment key to developing a better understanding of the human body/diseases • Not afraid to consider traditional folk remedies

50. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) • Wrote On The Structures of the Human Body (1543) • Book included accurate illustrations of human anatomy • Dissected cadavers in order to create illustrations to accompany written text