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Behavior Therapies

Behavior Therapies. Module 71. Behavior Therapy. Behavioristic perspective emphasizes that behavior (normal and abnormal) is learned Not concerned about self-awareness Applies classical and operant conditioning to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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Behavior Therapies

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  1. Behavior Therapies Module 71

  2. Behavior Therapy • Behavioristic perspective emphasizes that behavior (normal and abnormal) is learned • Not concerned about self-awareness • Applies classical and operant conditioning to the elimination of unwanted behaviors • Primary concern is to eliminate the disorder’s behavior, not find the cause of the disorder • Often called behavior modification

  3. Behavior Therapies:Classical Conditioning Techniques

  4. Bell & Pad Treatment for Bed Wetting • Conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder. • Pair an alarm (US) that will awaken child (UR). • When moisture hits pad (bladder tension = NS) the Alarm sounds (US) waking the child (UR). • Eventually bladder tension (CR) causes the child to awaken (CR). • It is effective in about 75 percent of school-age children who have difficulties with bedwetting.

  5. Mary Cover Jones: Counterconditioning • Demonstrated that conditioning could be used to remove fears. • Treated three-year-old Peter’s fear of rabbits, using counterconditioning • Involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response • Jones also used social imitation, or observational learning, techniques

  6. Exposure Therapies • Gradually expose patients to things they fear & avoid. • Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared. See an example of how this done HERE

  7. Systematic Desensitization • Developed by Joseph Wolpe • Based on counter conditioning • Usually used to treat phobias • Phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking • Uses three steps: • Progressive relaxation – using breathing techniques to relax one muscle group after another until totally relaxed • Development of anxiety hierarchy and controlled scene • Combination of progressive relaxation with anxiety hierarchy

  8. Systematic Desensitization Process • Establish a hierarchy of the anxiety- triggering stimuli • Learning relaxation methods (progressive relaxation) • Slowly think through the hierarchy from least anxiety-provoking to most anxiety-provoking , working to relax whenever anxiety is felt • Once you can maintain complete relaxation, you move on to the next scene, and so on

  9. Sample Anxiety Hierarchy for going to the Dentist

  10. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy • Just as effective as graduated exposure to the actual feared objects or situations • Watch “Arachnophobia” (9:31) • Segment #31 from Scientific American Frontiers DVD

  11. Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior • The person is replacing a positive (relaxing) but harmful response with a negative/aversive response • Example with alcoholism: Lace a drink with a drug that makes the person becomes sick • Aversive conditioning is not very effective – Cognition interferes – people know they won’t get sick when not taking the treatment so it doesn’t generalize over to normal life

  12. Examples of Aversion Therapy

  13. Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning Techniques

  14. Operant Conditioning • Behavior Modification – reinforce desired behaviors, ignore undesirable behaviors • Based on B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning model of learning • Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations (step by step process) of a desired behavior • Positive reinforcement is used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors • Extinction, or nonreinforcement, is used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors

  15. Token Economy • Attempts to modify behavior by giving tokens (rewards) for desired behavior. • Use for behavior modification in group settings (prisons, classrooms, hospitals) • The tokens can be exchanged for various privileges or treats • Form of secondary reinforcement • Is it OK to use Electric shocks to stop self-harming behaviors in people with severe autism? (3 min) • Proven to be especially effective in the outpatient treatment of substance abuse and dependence and with severely disturbed or disabled people

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