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Cellular Communication

Cellular Communication. Chapter 11. Local communication. In what ways do cells communicate locally?. In what ways do cells communicate over longer distances?. Regulation by chemical messengers. Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands. endocrine gland.

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Cellular Communication

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  1. Cellular Communication Chapter 11

  2. Local communication • In what ways do cells communicate locally? • In what ways do cells communicate over longer distances?

  3. Regulation by chemical messengers Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood receptor proteins receptor proteins Lock & Keysystem target cell

  4. Three Stages of Cell Signaling CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Reception 1 1 Receptor Signaling molecule

  5. Fig. 11-6-2 CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Reception Transduction 1 1 2 Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule

  6. Fig. 11-6-3 CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Reception Transduction Response 1 2 3 Receptor Activation of cellular response Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule

  7. Steroid Hormones: EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hormone (testosterone) Plasma membrane Receptor protein What type of Molecule is a steroid? DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  8. Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormone- receptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  9. Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormone- receptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  10. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hormone (testosterone) Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormone- receptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  11. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hormone (testosterone) Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormone- receptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS New protein CYTOPLASM

  12. Peptide HormonesNuerotransmitters How will the structure of these molecules cause them to target a cell differently?

  13. Action of protein hormones signal-transduction pathway 1 reception proteinhormone plasma membrane P activates G-protein binds to receptor protein activates enzyme cAMP acts as 2° messenger receptorprotein ATP transduction GTP activatescytoplasmicsignal ATP activates enzyme 2 secondary messengersystem activates enzyme cytoplasm response 3 produces an action target cell

  14. Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline) adrenalgland signal 1 epinephrine activatesG protein 3 activatesadenylyl cyclase receptor protein in cell membrane cAMP GDP transduction 4 ATP 2 GTP activates protein kinase-A 5 activates GTP activates phosphorylase kinase cytoplasm releasedto blood activates glycogen phosphorylase 7 glycogen glucose 6 liver cell response

  15. Ion Channel Receptors 1 Signaling molecule (ligand) Gate closed Ions Plasma membrane Ligand-gated ion channel receptor 2 Gate open Seen with neurotransmitters Cellular response 3 Gate closed

  16. Transduction

  17. Signaling molecule Receptor Activated relay molecule Inactive protein kinase 1 Active protein kinase 1 Inactive protein kinase 2 ATP Phosphorylation cascade ADP P Active protein kinase 2 PP P i Inactive protein kinase 3 ATP ADP P Active protein kinase 3 PP P i Inactive protein ATP P ADP Active protein Cellular response PP P i

  18. Second Messengers

  19. Fig. 11-11 First messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein GTP G protein-coupled receptor ATP Second messenger cAMP Protein kinase A Cellular responses

  20. Benefits of a 2° messenger system Amplification! 1 signal Activated adenylyl cyclase receptor protein Not yet activated 2 amplification 4 amplification 3 cAMP 5 amplification GTP G protein protein kinase 6 amplification enzyme Cascade multiplier! 7 amplification FAST response! product

  21. Cellular Response

  22. EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupled receptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (secondmessenger) IP3-gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ CYTOSOL

  23. EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupled receptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ Ca2+ (second messenger) CYTOSOL

  24. Fig EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupled receptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Various proteins activated Cellular responses Ca2+ Ca2+ (second messenger) CYTOSOL

  25. Fig. 11-14 Growthfactor Reception Receptor Phosphorylation cascade Transduction CYTOPLASM Inactive transcription factor Active transcription factor Response P DNA Gene NUCLEUS mRNA

  26. Fig. 11-15 Reception Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule) Transduction Inactive G protein ActiveG protein (102 molecules) Inactive adenylyl cyclase Active adenylyl cyclase (102) ATP Cyclic AMP (104) Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A (104) Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase (105) Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Active glycogen phosphorylase (106) Response Glycogen Glucose-1-phosphate (108 molecules)

  27. Homology in hormones same gene family growthhormone birds fish amphibians fatmetabolism salt &waterbalance metamorphosis& maturation growth& development What does this tell you about these hormones? How could these hormones have different effects? prolactin gene duplication? mammals milkproduction

  28. How can 1 signal molecule have multiple responses?

  29. Let’s go to the Video!

  30. Apoptosis Cell signaling example

  31. Fig. 11-19 2 µm

  32. Fig. 11-20a Ced-9 protein (active) inhibits Ced-4 activity Mitochondrion Ced-4 Ced-3 Receptor for death- signaling molecule Inactive proteins (a) No death signal

  33. Fig. 11-20b Ced-9 (inactive) Cell forms blebs Death- signaling molecule Active Ced-4 Active Ced-3 Other proteases Nucleases Activation cascade (b) Death signal

  34. Fig. 11-21 Interdigital tissue 1 mm

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