Key Terms Ch. 11.2 pg 269

1. Key Terms Ch. 11.2 pg 269 • Caliph • Umayyads • Shi’a • Sunni • Sufi • Abbasids • Al-Andalus • Fatimid

2. Islam Expands World History Mr. Morris

3. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam • In order to choose a successor for Muhammad, the Muslim community used tribal customs • Abu-Bakr became the first caliph (deputy/successor)

4. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • The first four caliphs had all known Muhammad • All used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides • “Rightly guided” • Their rule was known as a caliphate • Shortly after Muhammad’s death, some Arabian tribes abandoned Islam • After this and the refusal of some tribes to pay taxes, Abu-Bakr declared a jihad – armed struggle against unbelievers • The next four caliphs expanded the Muslim Empire until it stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic to the Indus

5. Reasons for Success • The “rightly guided” caliphs made great progress in spreading Islam • Muslims saw their victories as a sign of Allah’s approval • While they had a good military, Muslim victories were mostly due to the weakness of the empires that they fought • Those in the other empires welcomed Muslims as liberators because they were persecuted if they did not support the state religion • Liked Islam because it offered hope and equality

6. Treatment of Conquered Peoples • The Qur’an forbids forced religious conversion • Those who were conquered were free to choose their religion • Special consideration for Christians and Jews • Those who did not convert had to pay a poll tax to be exempt from military service • Christians and Jews could not spread their religion but they were allowed to be officials, scholars, and bureaucrats

7. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis • While their military was powerful, the Muslim community couldn’t stay unified • Differences based on who should take over as caliph • Eventually the elective system of choosing caliphs ended • The Umayyads took power and moved the capital to Damascus from Mecca • Took on a very wealthy lifestyle, unlike previous caliphs • Caused a division among the Muslims

8. The Sunni-Shi’a Split • Most people accepted the rule of the Umayyads • One small group of people resisted the rule of the Umayyads, saying that only descendants of Muhammed were fit to be caliph • Shi’a – “party” of Ali (nephew of Muhammed) • Those who did not resist the rule of the Umayyads were called Sunnis • “Followers of Muhammad’s example” • Third group, called Sufis, rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads • Pursued lives of poverty • Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and took control of the empire

9. Control Extends Over Three Continents • After the Abbasids rose to power, they murdered all the remaining members of the Umayyad family • One Umayyad prince escaped and set up a caliphate in Spain

10. Abbasids Consolidate Power • Moved capital to Baghdad, Iraq • Access to trade goods, gold, and information about the empire • Developed a strong bureaucracy • Treasury, army business, diplomats • Taxed land, imports and exports, and land of non-Muslims to pay for bureaucracy

11. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Abbasids ruled until 1258 • Other independent Muslim states emerged • The Fatimid caliphate was formed by Shi’as who claimed that they were descended from Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter • Smaller states were still connected to Abbasids through language, religion, trade, and economy

12. Muslim Trade Network • Two major sea trading routes • Mediterranean Sea • Indian Ocean • Empire united through common language and currency (Arabic, dinar) • Banks were established, lending credit through checks • In Cordoba, at one end of the Muslim Empire, there were 200,000 people • Paris had 38,000