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Amortized Loans with Fixed Payments

Amortized Loans with Fixed Payments. Each payment covers the interest expense plus reduces principal Consider a 4 year loan with annual payments. The interest rate is 8% and the principal amount is $5,000. What is the annual payment ? 4 N 8 I/Y 5,000 PV CPT PMT = -1,509.60

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Amortized Loans with Fixed Payments

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  1. Amortized Loans with Fixed Payments • Each payment covers the interest expense plus reduces principal • Consider a 4 year loan with annual payments. The interest rate is 8% and the principal amount is $5,000. • What is the annual payment? • 4 N • 8 I/Y • 5,000 PV • CPT PMT = -1,509.60 • Click on the Excel icon to see the amortization table

  2. Excel Amortization Schedule4 year term loan of $5,000 at 8% Note: The ending balance of .01 is due to rounding. The last payment would actually be 1,509.61.

  3. Using the AMORT Key • For the same 4 year, $5,000 loan at 8%, the calculator will also find the interest and principal payments for you. • 2nd AMORT, give P1 = 1 ↓ P2 = 1 ↓ BAL = 3,890.396, ↓ PRN = -1,109,605; ↓ INT = 400. • 2nd AMORT, give P1 = 2 ENTER ↓; P2 = 3 ENTER ↓ BAL = 1,397.782, ↓ PRN = -2,492.614; ↓ INT = 526.595 • Can do this for P1= 1 to P2 = 4 for the full interest paid

  4. Stock ValuationEmphasis on the Dividend Growth Model DGMChapter 8 • Understand how stock prices depend on future dividends and dividend growth • Be able to compute stock prices using the dividend growth model • Understand how corporate directors are elected • Understand how stock markets work • Understand how stock prices are quoted

  5. Cash Flows for Stockholders • If you buy a share of stock, you can receive cash in two ways • The company pays dividends • You sell your shares, either to another investor in the market or back to the company. This may involved receiving capital gains or losses. • As with bonds, the price of the stock is the present value of these expected cash flows

  6. One-Period Example • Suppose you are thinking of purchasing the stock of Moore Oil, Inc. and you expect it to pay a $2 dividend in one year and you believe that you can sell the stock for $14 at that time. • If you require a return of 20% on investments of this risk, what is the maximum you would be willing to pay? • Compute the PV of the expected cash flows • FV = 16; I/Y = 20; N = 1; CPT PV = -13.33

  7. Two-Period Example • Now what if you decide to hold the stock for two years? In addition to the dividend in one year, you expect a dividend of $2.10 in two years and a stock price of $14.70 at the end of year 2. • Now how much would you be willing to pay? • PV = 2 / (1.2) + (2.10 + 14.70) / (1.2)2 = 13.33

  8. Three-Period Example • Finally, what if you decide to hold the stock for three years? In addition to the dividends at the end of years 1 and 2, you expect to receive a dividend of $2.205 at the end of year 3 and the stock price is expected to be $15.435. • Now how much would you be willing to pay? • PV = 2 / 1.2 + 2.10 / (1.2)2 + (2.205 + 15.435) / (1.2)3 = 13.33 • Notice: the price in each example stayed the same!

  9. Developing an Asset Pricing Model • You could continue to push back the year in which you will sell the stock • You would find that the price of the stock is really just the present value of all expected future dividends • So, how can we estimate all future dividend payments? • 3 special cases

  10. Zero Dividend Growth Model • If dividends are expected at regular intervals forever, then this is a perpetuity and the present value of expected future dividends can be found using the perpetuity formula • P0 = D / r(we can use either lower or upper case R) • Suppose stock is expected to pay a $0.50 dividend every quarter and the required return is 10% with quarterly compounding. What is the stock price? • P0 = .50 / (.1 / 4) = .50 / .025 = $20

  11. Other Special Cases Constant dividend model. where the firm will pay a constant dividend forever • This is like preferred stock • The price is computed using the perpetuity formula • Constant dividend growth rate model • DGM: The firm will increase the dividend by a constant percent every period • Supernormal growth rate model • Dividend growth is not consistent initially, but settles down to constant growth eventually • Sometimes viewed as two periods of growth

  12. Back to #2 The Dividend Growth ModelDGM a.k.a. the Gordon Model • Dividends are expected to grow at a constant percent per period. • P0 = D1 /(1+R) + D2 /(1+R)2 + D3 /(1+R)3 + … • P0 = D0(1+g)/(1+R) + D0(1+g)2/(1+R)2 + D0(1+g)3/(1+R)3 + … • With a little algebra and some series work, this reduces to:

  13. Some background math proof for those interested – not required. • The sum of infinite geometric series is the sum of of a series would have no last term. The general form of the infinite geometric series is: a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + .... , where a1 is the first term and r is the common ratio. • When the r ratio lies between –1 to 1, we can find the sum. • The sum S of an infinite geometric series with –1 < r < 1 is given by the formula: • Sum = a1 / ( 1 – r ) for | r | < 1. • So if a1 were 2 and r were .9, then S = 2/(1-.9) = 20. • In slide 12, r = (1+g)/(1+R) and a = D0(1+g)/(1+R), P0 = D0(1+g)/(1+R){1/(1 – (1+g)/(1+R)} = D0(1+g)/(1+R) {1/(1+R)/(1+R) – ((1+g)/(1+R)} = D0(1+g)/(R – g). Q. E. D.

  14. Example of a DGMdividend growth model • Suppose The Frozen Penguin, Inc. just paid its annual dividend of $.50. • It is expected to increase its dividend by 2% per year. • If the market requires a return of 15% on assets of this risk, how much should the stock be selling for? • P0 = .50(1+.02) / (.15 - .02) = $3.92

  15. Second Example • Suppose the Pirate Hedge Fund, Inc. is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year. If the dividend is expected to grow at 5% per year and the required return is 20%, what is the price? • P0 = 2 / (.2 - .05) = $13.33 • Why isn’t the $2 in the numerator multiplied by (1.05) in this example?

  16. Stock Price Sensitivity to Dividend Growth, g D1 = $2; R = 20%

  17. Stock Price Sensitivity to Required Return, R D1 = $2; g = 5% Required Return, R

  18. Gordon Growth Company • Originator of the DGM is Prof. MyronGordon, U of Toronto 1920 – Sept 2010. • Gordon Growth Company is expected to pay a dividend of $4 next period and dividends are expected to grow at 6% per year. The required return is 16%. • What is the current price? • P0 = $4 / (.16 - .06) = $40 • Remember that we already have the dividend expected next year, so we don’t multiply the dividend by 1+g

  19. What is the price expected to be in year 4? • P4 = D4(1 + g) / (R – g) = D5 / (R – g) • P4 = 4(1+.06)4 / (.16 - .06) = 50.50 What is the implied return given the change in price during the four year period? • 50.50 = 40(1+return)4; return = 6% • PV = -40; FV = 50.50; N = 4; CPT I/Y = 6% • The price grows at the same rate as the dividends

  20.  Stocks with Nonconstant Growth • Suppose a firm is expected to increase dividends by 20% in one year and by 15% in two years. After that dividends will increase at a rate of 5% per year indefinitely. If the last dividend was $1 and the required return is 20%, what is the price of the stock? • Remember that we have to find the PV of all expected future dividends.

  21. Nonconstant Growth – Solution • Compute the dividends until growth levels off • D1 = 1(1.2) = $1.20 • D2 = 1.20(1.15) = $1.38 • D3 = 1.38(1.05) = $1.449 • Find the expected future stock price • P2 = D3/ (R – g) = 1.449 / (.2 - .05) = 9.66 • Find the present value of the expected future cash flows • P0 = 1.20 / (1.2) + (1.38 + 9.66) / (1.2)2 = 8.67

  22. Two Quick Quiz Questions • What is the value of a stock that is expected to pay a constant dividend of $2 per year if the required return is 15%? • What if the company starts increasing dividends by 3% per year, beginning with the next dividend? The required return stays at 15%.

  23. Using the DGM to Find R • Start with the DGM: Div Yield + Growth Rate

  24. Finding the Required Return • Suppose a firm’s stock is selling for $10.50. They just paid a $1 dividend and dividends are expected to grow at 5% per year. What is the required return? • R = [1(1.05)/10.50] + .05 = 10% + 5% = 15% • What is the dividend yield? • 1(1.05) / 10.50 = 10% • What is the capital gains yield? • g = 5%

  25. Features of Common Stock • Voting Rights • Proxy voting • Classes of stock • Other Rights • Share proportionally in declared dividends • Share proportionally in remaining assets during liquidation • Preemptive right – first shot at new stock issue to maintain proportional ownership if desired

  26. Dividend Characteristics • Dividends are not a liability of the firm until a dividend has been declared by the Board • Consequently, a firm cannot go bankrupt for not declaring dividends • Dividends and Taxes • Dividend payments are not considered a business expense; therefore, they are not tax deductible • The taxation of capital gains received by individuals depends on the holding period • Dividends received by corporations have a minimum 70% exclusion from taxable income

  27. Features of Preferred Stock • Dividends • Stated dividend that must be paid before dividends can be paid to common stockholders • Dividends are not a liability of the firm and preferred dividends can be deferred indefinitely • Most preferred dividends are cumulative – any missed preferred dividends have to be paid before common dividends can be paid • Preferred stock generally does not carry voting rights

  28. Stock Market Players • Dealers:maintains an inventory and stands ready to trade at quoted bid (price at which they will buy) and ask (price at which they will sell) prices. • Brokers:a broker matches buyers and sellers. They perform the search function for a fee (commission). They do not hold an inventory of securities. • Specialists:manage the order flow by keeping the limit order book. They are supposed to maintain an orderly market.

  29. http://www.nasdaq.com/ The NASDAQ • Not a physical exchange – computer-based quotation system • Multiple market makers • Electronic Communications Networks • Three levels of information • Level 1 – median quotes, registered representatives • Level 2 – view quotes, brokers & dealers • Level 3 – view and update quotes, dealers only • Large portion of technology stocks

  30. Organized exchanges: NYSE, AMEX NASDAQ – not an organized exchange but computer-based quotation system with several market makers per stock. ECN - Electronic Communications Networks provide direct trading among investors Observe live trading online at http://markets.cboe.com/us/equities/ The "bid" is the lowest price buyers are willing to buy at. The "ask" is the highest price sellers are willing to sell at. ECNs HARLEY DAVIDSON INC COM

  31. Reading Stock Quotes • What information is provided in the stock quote? • Click on the web surfer to go to Bloomberg for current stock quotes. • Click STOCKS • Type HOG:US Harley-Davidson Inc (HOG:US) Industry: Motorcycle/Motor Scooter •  New York  • Currency: USD Feb 11 2019 www.bloomberg.com

  32. Another Quick Quiz • You observe a stock price of $18.75. You expect a dividend growth rate of 5% and the most recent dividend was $1.50. What is the required return? • r = [1.5(1.05)/18.75] + .05 = .084 + .05 = 13.4% • What are some of the major characteristics of common stock? • What are some of the major characteristics of preferred stock?

  33. Last Problems • Kemps, let’s say, is spun off from Pillsbury, and the stock sells for $50 per share. The next expected annual dividend is $2, and the growth rate is 6%. What is the expected rate of return on this stock? • Expected return = 2/50 + .06 = .10

  34. Last Problems (cont.) • If the required rate of return on Kemp’s were 12%, what would the stock price be? And what would the dividend yield be? • Price = 2/ (.12 - .06) = $33.33 and the Dividend yield = 2 / 33.33 = 6%

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