Towards Disaster Resilience in India: A Paradigm Shift That Will Improve the Quality of Life in India - Part 1: Earthqua

1. TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCEIN INDIAA Paradigm Shift That Will Improve the Quality of Life in IndiaPart 1: Earthquakes Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. GLOBAL NATURAL HAZARDS THAT CAN CAUSE DISASTERS • FLOODS • SEVERE WINDSTORMS • EARTHQUAKES • TSUNAMIS • DROUGHTS • VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS • LANDSLIDES • WILDFIRES

3. INDIA IS PRONE TO DISASTERS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS • FLOODS (especially during monsoon season) • EARTHQUAKES (from sources inside and outside the country) • CYCLONES

5. INDIA IS BIG, DIVERSE, and CAPABLE • It is the seventh largest country, • The second most populous country with human resources of over 1.2 billion people having cultural and religious diversity, • The most populous democracy, - - -

6. INDIA IS BIG, DIVERSE , and CAPABLE (continued) • With many well- educated and well- trained people, • With high-tech and low-tech capabilities, • With a large Army

7. INDIA ISBIG, DIVERSE , and CAPABLE, and VULNERABLE(continued) • With many living in poverty, • With many living in non-earthquake-resistant housing, • With cities and towns that are dependent upon non- earthquake-resistant infrastructure and critical facilities.

8. INDIA FACES MULTIPLE DISASTER THREATS • India faces potential disasters each year from floods, earthquakes, and cyclones, some of which have triggered notable disasters in the past, and very recently, - - - • That will happen again, unless a paradigm shift occurs.

9. INDIA’s NEIGHBORS ARE ALSO DISASTER PRONE • India shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, and Burma and Bangladesh to the east; • All have experienced disasters

10. CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS QUO WHEN A COUNTRY IS DISASTER PRONE - - - Will result in new and more complex HEALTH PROBLEMS WILL result in unnecessary DEATHS AND INJURIES WILL result in longer and more costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

11. WHAT DO WE KNOW? • Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient.

12. WHAT DO WE KNOW? • Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to rebound quickly after a disaster.

13. PART 1: Earthquakes 1905,1934,1950, 1990, 1993, 2001, 2004*, 2011

14. EARTHQUAKES CENTERED INSIDE INDIA Ongoing collision of the indo-Australian and the Eurasian tectonic plates has created the Himalayan Mountains and generated many small and a few great magnitude earthquakes

15. COLLISION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIAN PLATES CAUSES EARTHQUAKES

16. INDIA HAS PEOPLE AND COMMUN-ITIES AT FUTURE RISK AD INFINITUM • The inter-plate collision is NOT going to stop, - - - • So, many generations of India’s 1.2 BILLION PEOPLE are at risk ad infinitum from earthquakes centered inside India.

17. SEISMICITY MAP

18. GUJARET, INDIA EARTHQUAKEJANUARY 26, 2001

19. TIMING OF THE EARTHQUAKE • It happened at 8:46 am on a Saturday morning that was also a national holiday.

20. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

21. THE CAUSE

22. A NOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKE DISASTER • GUJARAT – Saturday, January 26, 2001, (Republic Day holiday); M7.7; 8:46 am near the towns of Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Rapar; Buildings/houses damaged in Ahmedabad and partially to totally destroyed in Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Rapar, leaving 50.000 -100,000 dead and 600,000 homeless.

23. GUJARAT: ESTIMATED ECONONIC LOSS • Nearly $5 billion

24. INDIA’s FIVE SEISMIC ZONES: GUJARAT IS IN ZONE 3

25. ZONES • ZONES 1 and 2:(Blue to Yellow-Brown) Very low to Low seismic activiity • ZONE 3:(Orange) Moderate seismic activity • ZONE 4 :(Light Red) High seismic activity • ZONE 5 (Dark Red): Very high seismic activity

26. COLLAPSED HOUSES AND BUILDINGS • Within a few minutes, poorly constructed homes and buildings in the towns of Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, and Rapar, and the city of Ahmedabad were damaged or destroyed, leaving 50,000 to 100,000 dead and 600,000 survivors needing medical care and relief

27. HOMELESS AND NEEDY

28. HOMELESS AND NEEDY

29. AHMEDABAD

30. AHMEDABAD

31. AHMEDABAD

32. AHMEDABAD

33. NO SURVIVORS

34. AHMEDABAD

35. NO SURVIVORS

36. TEMPORARY “SHELTER”

37. RESPONSIVE TO THE NEEDS • The Indian government, with assistance from International NGO’s, the people, and others responded immediately and effectively to the urgent needs. 

38. EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE • A relief effort began the next day in the most-affected towns: Anjar, Bhachau, Rapar and Bhuj. • Food and relief kits containing life essentials and materials approp-riate for the Jan-Feb weather were provided quickly to families.

39. EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE (continued) • Medical teams, each consisting of a doctor and paramedic, were rapidly mobilized to the field to provide medical assistance in the areas hit the hardest.

40. EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE (continued) • Beginning in February, the Federation ofIndian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) implemented an 18- to 24-month reconstruction program to provide earthquake-resistant housing in Bhachau, Anjar, Rapar and Bhuj.

41. A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEA THREE STEP PROCESS

42. TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IN INDIA • Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge • Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity • Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Disaster Resilience

43. Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge NOTE: A book of Knowkedge is everything we know or think we know about India’s earthquakes

44. BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE- Perspectives On Science, Policy, And Change

45. BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE Are “TOOLS” to facilitate India’s continuing commitment to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future earthquake, thereby preventing another disaster

46. EARTHQUAKES CENTERED IN OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE ALSO IMPACTED INDIA The October 8, 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake disaster that caused 1,200 deaths in India is one example.

47. EARTHQUAKES CENTERED IN OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE ALSO IMPACTED INDIA The December 26, 2004 Banda Ache, Indonesia earthquake/tsunami that killed 15,000 in India is another example

48. TSUNAMI WAVES KILLED 15,000 IN INDIA

49. FIVE UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS • The severity of a disaster is exacerbated by five uncontrollable factors: 1) the time of day, 2) the day of the week, 3) the time of the year, 4) the magnitude and shallow depth of the quake, and 5) the poor soils and mountainous terrain of the region.

50. TWO CONTROLLABLE FACTORS • The severity of a disaster is exacerbated by two other factors that tend to happen gradually over time: • 1) the poor quality of construction of buildings and infrastructure, and • 2) the loss of capacity to anticipate and prepare for kinds of socioeconomic losses that occur in a disaster.