The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

1. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Nuclear Holocaust мы вам покажем кузькину мать Diplomatic Match of Chess

2. Cuba is an island nation located 90 miles south of Florida

3. Lesson objectives/questions • What was the background to the events in Cuba? • How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’? • Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba? • What happened during the October Crisis? • What was the outcome of the crisis?

4. What was the background to the events in Cuba? • Cuba, small island, 160 km from coast of Florida • US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo) • 1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government. Why was Cuba so important to the Americans?

5. How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’? • Castro takes over US businesses, casinos, lands, banks • January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations • April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro • Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961?

6. Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba? • Cuba was a new Communist state • Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs) • Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK • Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe Why does this cartoonist think that Khrushchev was interested in Cuba?

7. What did Castro stand for? • US interests in Cuba were widespread, so there was no doubt in Washington that the Cuban Revolution would affect the USA. • People in America began to question the new regime and to wonder where Castro’s sympathies lay. • Was he a communist or a nationalist? • Was he anti-American or just pro-Cuban?

8. Realpolitics • Castro was outwardly ambiguous about his own beliefs, and such caution suggests that he was very much a realist. • Historians have spent many years trying to define his political beliefs. • However, it seems that above all else Castro was a nationalist with socialist leanings and a tendency to adapt to a situation as the need • arose – a politician who would work with anyone for Cuba’s benefit.

9. Background Information • Fidel Castro - Born August 13, 1926 • Son of a wealthy Spanish sugar cane farmer and a domestic servant • He attended the University of Havana to study law and started a law office after graduation. • Castro was a supporter of the democratic system in Cuba (he wanted to run for parliament)

10. Background CONT. • 1952- Batista stages a coup and ruins elections • Batista then overtook country’s economics and resources • Castro leads the first opposition to Batista on July 26, 1953. He fails and goes to jail. Cuban Rebels attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago, Cuba and also the barracks in Bayamo, Cuba in July 26 of 1953. • Castro had 150 followers ( outnumbered 10 to 1 by soldiers from Batista) • 60 rebels died: 5 died fighting, Batista killed 56. • Fidel and his brother, Raul, were jailed in the Isla de Pinos prison. Fidel for 15 years and Raul for 13 years. • In 1955, Batista freed all political prisoners in Cuba because of political pressure.

11. 1953 Unsuccessful Revolt • Also called July 26 th movement • Nationalist, not Communist supporters • Communists described Castro’s attack as an ill organized putsch • Captured tortured( eys gouged out, genitals ripped off) • Castro put on trial, gained fame

12. Why was Castro Successful? • As a lawyer, he had a lot of charisma. He used it to his advantage to convince people to his side. One of his well known speeches was made as a self-defense in court after the Moncada attack where he said, “But I do not fear prison, as I do not fear the fury of the miserable tyrant who took the lives of 70 of my comrades. Condemn me. It does not matter. History will absolve me.” • Even if people did not agree with his ideology, ex. the peasants, who largely made up his support, were swayed by the idea of improving their lives and of gaining land for themselves. • However, as Castro based nationalist and populist issues known, the middle class started to side with Castro as well.he

13. Castro’s manifesto • Return power to the people • Redistribute land • Introduce worker profit-sharing and pensions • Attack corruption • Improve education • Nationalize public utilities • Introduce rent controls • Solidarity with other Latin Americans • Diversify the economy

14. 1953 Unsuccessful Revolt • Castro is released 3 years later in 1955. He travels to Mexico to plan an attack against Batista and meets Che Guevara of Argentina • 1956 - Castro leads a guerilla campaign VS Batista and wins consecutive battles • Batista flees to the Dominican Republic and Castro takes power in 1959 • Castro’s charisma and popular support helped help consolidate power.

15. Batista’s Amnesty and Mexican Exile • Mexico • Met Argentine Ernesto ‘Che” Guevara ( buddy ) Marxist • Che was anti-US and anti-poverty (Socialism…) • Organized troop of 82 to invade Cuba in 1956

16. The Cuban Revolution •  The Granma (yatch) arrived in Cuba and the rebels made their way to Sierra Maestro, where they were attacked by Batista’s army. • Landed exactly where a famous Cuban nationalist , Marti landed 60 years ago. • Not a landing but a shipwreck. • The rebels ploughed their way through the thick undergrowth of a swamp crawling with millions of tiny crabs ,then moved across sugar cane fields towards the 90 mile long and 30 mile wide Sierra Maestro. •  In the mountains, Raul and Che helped Fidel gain control by killing Batista supporters and Castro rivals. • In January 1 1959, Batista left the country and Castro took leadership control.

17. Invasion • Wrecked along a swampy coast • ¾ killed by Batista’s men • Dehydrated ,they sucked on sugar canes • Barely moved for 5 days • Hid in mountain forest • Aided by sympathetic residents

18. Guerilla Warfare • Used media to make people believe their numbers were much larger • Sabotaged Batista’s soldiers and sugar plants

19. Guerrila • Launched attacks and hid in the forests • Tied rats to a gasoline soaked sponge and then set sponges on fire so that rats would run to into the sugarcane fields • Castro destructed his own sugar cane plantation • Permanently damaged his relationship with his mother

20. Contributions • The revolutionaries worked successfully to create an infrastructure in liberated areas, building rudimentary hospitals, schools, cigar and ammunition factories, training centre for recruits • Peasants started thinking that Castro was there to stay while Batista continued terrorizing the peasant population

21. At times merciless • One scout took 10000 from Batista’s army to lead the guerrillas into Ambush. • Che “gave him a shot into the right side of his brain” • Peasants were scared, suspicious and willing to accept rewards to betray

22. Propaganda • Castro was a superb propagandist. • Herbert Matthew’s New York Times • Che wrote that the presence of a foreign journalist was more important than a military victory.

23. Revolution 1959 • Castro’s forces take control of Cuba in 1959-- • Batista loses support of middle class and flees • Cuban Revolution begins

24. Castro being welcomed after removing Batista

25. Searching for friends • Castro visited the USA in April 1959 in the hope of securing US aid to improve the situation in Cuba. He was careful to emphasise his plans for radical land reform, which he felt the US would approve of. • Addressing a meeting of the United Nations in New York, Castro stated that – like other developing states – Cuba remained neutral in the Cold War. • Despite this, US president Eisenhower declined to meet Castro, and he was not warmly received by vice-president Nixon

26. Sugar • The Cuban economy was based primarily on Sugar—not diversified • Economy rose and fell on Sugar • Most of the Sugar plantations were in the hands of Foreign (US mostly) investors or wealthy upper class Cubans • Seasonal unemployment high • Created structural inequalities in the Cuban population • Markets tied to the US

27. Anti-US resentment • Since the Spanish-American War and Cuban Independence a great deal of resentment towards US control/effect on Cuban economy and politics • 1823 US’s Monroe Doctrine/ President James Monroe announced in 1823 that the United States would consider any attempt by European powers to extend their "system" to this hemisphere "as dangerous to our peace and safety."

28. Spanish-American War • US occupies Cuba 1899-1902 • US helped to write new Cuban Constitution modeled on US version • Platt Amendment was added—Gave US the right to intervene in Cuban Affairs, also Guantanamo Bay became US Naval base

29. Post War • US sent troops several times from 1902-1953 • Huge US investment in Sugar ($200 Million by 1913) • Telecommunications, banks, casinos • 1/5th of all US investment in Latin America at the time

30. Post Independence • Social structure was maintained • Afro-Cubans were fearful of White Cubans—it was reinforced by US military presence • Upper classes were white, Criollos • Lower classes were mestizos, Afro-Cubans • Music reflected the cultural differences between the groups • Danzon( the official musical genre and dance of Cuba) was favored by the upper classes--traditional, based on French Contredans

31. Poitical Instability • From Independence on Cuba had no real stable political experience • Some attempts at reform from time to time, but not much accomplished • Power in the hands of the elites • US essentially ran Cuba 3 different times from 1900s-1930s

32. soc/econ inequities • Large economic gap between rich and poor • Rich elites were white, small % of the pop. • Rest of nation was mestizos, Afro-Cuban • Land in the hands of elites or foreign interests • Workers did try to unionize, but not particularly successful

33. Raul Castro was the younger brother of Fidel Castro born June 3, 1931. He is a loyal supporter of Castro and his reforms. He was exiled to Mexico along with Fidel in 1955. Raul played a vital role in overthrowing along with “Che” in military tactics. In 2006 he became President of Cuba when Fidel was ill & needed surgery. He strove for economic reforms to increase productivities in the government. Ernesto “Che” Guevara was born June 14, 1928 in Argentina. He joined a leftist movement in Guatemala with Jacobo Arbenz. However, when Arbenz was overthrown, he fled to Mexico where he met the Castro brothers. Later, in 1956 he went with them to Cuba to help overthrow Batista. He was vital in that he was a skilled guerilla tactician. When the overthrow was successful, they implemented vital economic policies in which ties to the United States were severed and nurtured ties to Communist countries. Mini-Biographies: Raul & “Che”

34. Cuban Revolution Leaders Fidel Castro, Raul Castro, and Che Guevara in Havana 1959

35. Castro's plan was known as "Stealth Socialism."  He didn't want people to know what he was planning.  He wouldn't share his political plan with anyone.  Castro and "Che" created "The New Man's Theory." Work to benefit everyone in the society.  He wanted to restore Cuba's wealth, get back the land Cuba lost, and strengthen the nation's identity. Castro's Ideology I

36. Castro’s Ideology II • Castro believed in “unitary democracy” over “adversary democracy.” • Unitary democracy is when each individual has a vote and decisions are made through a majority opinion. Adversary democracy is voting for representatives. • Another key difference is that he believes in “democratic centralism” versus “liberal democracy.”

37. Castro's Platform • Castro implemented almost impossible reforms to nationalize factories and plantations. •  Wanted to makes his armies stronger for Cuba's defense; created an alliance with the USSR during 1960. • Castro intended to build a socialist state with a state-owned, government planning economy. •  Stopped private profit business so that all of Cuba had equal job opportunities and boost the economy. •  According to constitution, all Cubans were entitled to receive free medical, hospital, and dental care. •  All citizens had the same rights regardless of who they were. •  Provided payment for elders and pregnant women workers. •  The right to free education to the highest university level.

38. Propaganda “United we fought… united we win.”

39. A succession of events in 1960 increased tensions between Cuba and the USA • Firstly, Castro accused Cuban exiles in Florida of flying bombing missions against Cuba. • He then nationalised all US-owned oil refineries in Cuba. • In response, Eisenhower introduced economic sanctions and stopped buying sugar from Cuba. • Castro turned to the USSR for economic assistance, and Nikita Khrushchev agreed to provide Cuba with $100 million in aid and a sugar contract.

40. Castro and mao • Castro’s dealings with the USSR heightened US fears of communist influence on its doorstep, and these fears seemed confirmed when Castro concluded a trade agreement with Communist China. • Eisenhower could no longer ignore the risk of Cuba becoming a Soviet base. He authorised plans for Castro’s overthrow, and training began for the Bay of Pigs invasion

41. Assess the causes and effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis • Three Men Go to War • https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/72b4fbe3-5b9a-4f35-a58c-8894486a6527/cuban-missile-crisis-three-men-go-to-war-clip-2/?#.WprA4pPwa3I

42. The rivalry of Personalities: Frame of Refernces • Be Khrushchev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8hLWDdvBm8 • Be Castro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHVpuhApSC0 • Be Kennedy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJuKpf_8IJ0

43. CMC Official Causes • Castro’s Revolution in Cuba • Deterioration in US-Cuban relations • Failure of Bay of Pigs • Secret Soviet-Cuban accord, August 1962: medium-range missiles installed and defended by Soviet troops

44. Cold War Arms Race: • “You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war." --Albert Einstein • http://www.armageddonletters.com/

45. Cold War Arms Race: • "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." -- Albert Einstein

46. Location

47. Jupiter Missiles in Turkey

48. History of “Nukes” • From 1945-1949 USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs.

49. The Arms Race Begins In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

50. THE SPACE RACE