阅 读 理 解

1. 阅 读 理 解 主讲人: 郑宁华

2. 1. 理解主旨要义； 2. 理解文中具体信息； 3. 根据上下文推断生词的词义； 4. 作出简单判断和推理； 5. 理解文章的基本结构； 6. 理解作者的意图和态度。

3. 一. 阅读理解能力测试的主要要求 ⑴ 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意, 以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节; ⑵ 既理解具体的事实, 也理解抽象的概念; ⑶ 既理解字面意思, 也理解深层含义, 包括作者的态度、意图等；

4. ⑷ 能理解某句、某段的意义，并能把握全 篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的关 系，并能据此进行推理和判断； ⑸ 能根据材料所提供的信息，结合中学生 应有的常识正确判断生词和短语的含义。

5. 二、阅读理解试题的设问类型 Ⅰ. 考查学生对中心思想的掌握; Ⅱ. 考查学生对文章细节的理解; Ⅲ. 考查学生对文章寓意的理解，进行推理，并得出正确的结论的能力; Ⅳ.考查学生对文章中词、语的理解。 * * * *

6. Ⅰ.掌握中心思想 1．选择表达中心思想的叙述； 2．选择表达中心思想的标题； 3．找出一个段落的中心； 4. 判断文章所讨论的话题。

7. II.理解事实与细节 考查学生对事实细节理解的题目分类： (1)陈述事实 (2)排列顺序 (3)说明因果关系 (4)看图判断 (5)计算题 (6)是非判断

8. 陈述事实细节的方法： • 空间关系 • 时间关系 • 例举事实 • 对比方法 • 因果关系 • 列举目录

9. 空间关系 right, left, up, down, above, below 时间关系 at first, after that, finally, once, earlier, now, eventually

10. 例举事实 for example, for instance, such us, in this case, that is , in other words 对比方法 • in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, to compare • on the other hand, in contrast, however, nevertheless

11. 因果关系 because, for, due to, therefore, as a result, consequently, the reason, 列举目录 first, second, third, one, another, moreover, furthermore, finally

12. Ⅲ.判断推理 判断理解题大致分为以下几种形式: （1）结论判断 （2）心理判断 （3）事实判断 （4）作者观点判断 （5）写作意图判断/写作手法 （6）题材选择判断 （7）判断文章论点、论据的关系

13. Ⅳ．理解文章词语 (1)理解句子的隐含意思; (2) 理解短语的意思; (3) 理解代词的意思; (4) 考查根据上下文推断词义的能力。

14. 高 考 真 题 解 析

15. 例1 Modern inventions have speeded up people’s lives amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircrafts cross the world inside a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced, which go even faster and each new computer boasts (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling tasks.

16. All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind on another time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to some scientists; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence we do not like to think about.

17. However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed to constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.

18. There was a time when some people’s lives were devoted simply to the cultivation of the land or the care of cattle. No multi-tasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace, and in a familiar pattern. There is much that we might envy about a way of life like this. Yet before we do so, we must think of the hard tasks our ancestors faced: they farmed with bare hands, often lived close to hunger, and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed people from that primitive existence.

19. 68. The new products become more and more time-saving because . A. our love of speed seems never-ending B. time is limited. C. the prices are increasingly high. D. the manufactures boast a lot. 答案：A

20. 69. What does “the days” in Paragraph 3 refer to ? • Imaginary life • Simple life in the past. C. Times of inventions D. Time for constant activity. 答案：B

21. 70. What is the author’s attitude towards the modern technology? • Critical • Objective. C. Optimistic. D. Negative. 答案：B

22. 71. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The present and past times. B. Machinery and human beings. C. Imaginations and inventions. D. Modern technology and its influence. 答案：D

23. 例 2 In the United States, there were some well-constructed houses for native Indians, ranging from the simple brush shelter to the five-storied pueblo. In the eastern United States, one of the existing types was that commonly known under the Algonkian name of wigwam in which the Iroquois Indians lived. The wigwams were of wagon-top shape with straight sides and ends, made by bending young trees to form the round shape. Over this shape pieces of tree bark were laid to protect the Indians from bad weather. Over the bark dried grass was added. A small hole allowed smoke to escape from the top.Doorways at

24. each end served also as windows. The Iroquois Indians built trunk walls all around their villages. The wall had only one opening, They could quickly close this opening if their enemies came near. Interestingly, the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi also lived in a wigwam of a most primitive(原始的) construction, but different from those of the Iroquois Indians. The Choctaw Indians’ wigwams, made from mud, cane and straw, were in the form of a bee-hive.

25. The covering was made of a long, tough grass. A post in the centre supported the roof. A hole in the top admitted the light, and allowed the smoke to pass out. The tipi tent-housing of the upper lake and plain area was put up with poles set lightly in the ground, tied together near the top, and covered with bark and grass in the lake country. It was easily portable, and two women could set it up or take it down within an hour.

26. The Pawnee, Mandan and other Indian tribes (部落) along the Missouri built solid ring-shaped structures of trunk, covered with earth and dried grass, housing a dozen families. The Wichita and other tribes of the Texas border built large ring-shaped houses covered with dried grass. Apart from the regular housing, almost every tribe had some style of housing.

27. 答案：A 72.Which of the following pictures shows the house for the Iroquois Indians？

28. 73. According to the passage, the Pawnee Indians built their houses _____. A. with openings in the trunk walls B. large enough for several families C. in a ring shape with bark and mud D. by bending young trees to form the shape 答案：B

29. 74. All the native Indian houses described in the passage were_____. • A. of the same shape • B. covered with grass • C. built with a post in the centre • D. built with doorways at each end 答案：B

30. 75. The passage suggests that ________ A. all the native Indians built trunk walls all around their houses B. all the native Indian houses were built with poles tied together C. the Iroquois Indians took safety into account while building their wigwams D. the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi built their wigwams with straight sides and ends 答案：C