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Prehistory &Agricultural Revolutions

Explore the transition from the Stone Age to the Neolithic Revolution, examining the reasons, effects, and interactions between pastoral nomads and settled farmers. Discover how agriculture shaped societies, led to the rise of civilizations, and impacted the environment.

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Prehistory &Agricultural Revolutions

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  1. Prehistory &Agricultural Revolutions Unit 1 8000 BCE – 600 CE

  2. Stone Age • 2 million years ago until 2000 BCE • Stone tool-making (Stone, Bone & Wood) • Categories • Paleolithic • Neolithic

  3. Hunting and Gathering • Foragers • Matrilineal kinship • Comparable status • Men hunted • Goddess worship; animism • Group size limited

  4. Neolithic Revolution • Changeover from food gathering to food producing • Not very accurate term; Neolithic means “new stone” • Occurred at different times in different parts of the world over a millennia • Therefore, agricultural revolutions is more accurate • Middle East

  5. Animal husbandry • Domestication of animals • Also a part of the agricultural revolutions • Dog probably first closely followed by cat • Some adopted animal husbandry while maintaining a H/G lifestyle – called pastoral nomads

  6. Why the transition? • Climate changes • After Ice Age - melting glaciers • Flood accounts in religions (would have happened in areas of first humans) • Minor reason - population growth • H/G could no longer sustain the population

  7. How? • Accidental • Women probably played the major role • Began to select best wild crops for domestication

  8. Effects • Permanent settlements • Food storage • Population growth • Loss of comparable status • Vulnerability to disease • Vulnerability to drought & natural disaster • Exploitation of land & natural resources • Harder & longer days work

  9. Genesis 3:17 • “Cursedis the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.”

  10. Effects cont. • Stratification of Society • Political organization, standing army, • Villages to cities to trading to writing to conquest to civilizations to empires • New religious beliefs

  11. Characteristics of Agricultural Settlements • Megaliths • Round, mud-bricked cities • Houses • Irrigation networks • Public markets • Government buildings • Taxation • Specialization of labor

  12. Catal Huyuk • One of oldest and most prosperous towns from 6700 to 5700 BCE • Modern day Turkey • Trade • Goddess worship • Volcanic obsidian • Evidence of art • Metal-working

  13. Interaction of Pastoral Nomads & Settled Farmers • Major theme • Trade • Did Nomads learn to farm or did farmers replace nomads?

  14. Indo-European Nomads • Most influence • Name from initial common language that spawned related languages of today from that region • Spread throughout Europe • Spread language & imposed military power • Eventually abandoned nomadic pastoralism for farming

  15. Refamiliarize Yourselves with the Following From Guns, Germs, & Steel: • How the earth was peopled • Linguistic patterns • Indo-European • Bantu • Semitic • How ag shaped the environment and society • Earliest places with independent food production, why, and where • Why some groups would remain H/G when shown how to farm • Specific domesticated animals per region • Globalization of ag (climate, axis, etc.)

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