Imagine:

1. Numbers serve to discipline rhetoric. Without them it is too easy to follow flights of fancy, to ignore the world as it is and to remold it nearer the heart's desire Ralph Waldo Emerson

2. Imagine: • If every number came with its units, uncertainty, and exact meaning all attached in a “metanumber” object: • a universal standard for all numerical data - • Instantly readable by both humans and computers, • And there was a simple unique name for every number, • Which could be used as a name in expressions where • Dimensional & error analysis is automatically done & • Where all metadata is tracked allowing reuse of results • Supporting automated data exchange, Big Data & AI.

3. And Also Imagine : • An algorithm continuously scraping all numerical data from the web and converting it to standardized MetaNumber tables and then • With a novel process each table is converted to two networks • One among entities (rows) and one among properties (columns) • From which the dominant clusters are extracted and ordered • Using a novel agnostic cluster identification algorithm • Then with still another algorithm these clusters are linked • into a single supernet spanning all numeric information. • A single network spanning our entire numerical universe !

4. MetaNumber A Standardization of Numerical Information AAPT - Charleston SC Joseph E. Johnson, PhD jjohnson@sc.edu October 30, 2015

5. MetaNumber - Powerful yet Easy > 6.3*ft + 4.83*m -37*inch Mix as needed • >>5.810+/-0.032*m Result is metric by default > 6.3*ft + 4.83*m -37*inch ! ftGives result in ft • >> 19.06+/-0.11*(ft) Uncertainty from sig. dig. > 43*yard*72e6*inch !acre No decimal implies exact • >> 17768.523967*(acre)An ‘exact’ result > 5.3*[e_gold_density] Use [table_row_column] • >>  (1.022+/-0.019)e+05*m_3*kg Input standard data > 18*[my_482] Inputs the result of users line 482

6. Some Harder Problems Compute the gravitational attraction between a 188 lb man and a 632.3 kg golf cart that is 7.93 yards away: > g*188*lb*632.3*kg/(7.93*yard)**2 g = G >>  (6.844+/-0.017)e-08*m*kg*s_2 note the uncertainty If a BMW can accelerate from 0 to 70 mi/hr in 1.3 sec. then how much acceleration is this in “ g’s ” : > (70*mile/hour)/(1.3*s) ! ag where ag is the acc. of gravity >>  2.45+/-0.19*(ag)

7. Unit and Constant Names • Unit and constant names are: • Lower case, alphanumeric (with internal ‘_’). • NO Fonts, symbols, upper/lower cases, & plurals. • This makes names consistent with variable names in modern computer languages. • MetaNumber has about 600 internal units and constants. • www.metanumber.com/resources see unit names

8. MN has Six Basic SI Units • m = meter length • s = sec = second time • kg = kilogram mass • a = amp = ampere electrical current • k = kelvin temperature • cd = candela luminosity

9. With Six Additional Base Units • b = bit information (Shannon, 1/0, T/F) • op = flop operation rate (a double precision floating point operation) • p = person living human (as in per capita) • d = usd = dollar value • bn baryon number (protons, ……) • ln lepton number (electrons … ) Note: byte = 8*b for the information in an ASCII character. Note: ops = op/s and flops = ops = floating point operations per second. Note: both bn and ln are exactly conserved quantities like electrical charge. These units are optional but strongly encouraged

10. Numerical Accuracy (uncertainty) • If a value contains a decimal point then it is converted to an ‘uncertain number’ (ufloat): > 2.34 * 7.632e2 >>  1785.9+/-7.6 • If there is no decimal (or is removed using scientific notation) then it is treated as exact: > 234e-2 * 7632e-1 >>  1785.888

11. Metadata & Meaning-1 Information is accessed by an internet path: • [ip path to server_dir__table_row_column…] • Use just [table_row_column…] for the MN default server. Examples: • [e_gold_density] retrieves the value of the density of gold from the elements table (abbreviated ‘e’) • [mass_higgs] retrieves the mass of the Higgs particle • Each row and column name must be unique in that table • For comparison case is lowered and white space removed.

12. Metadata & Meaning-2 • MetaNumber tables have table variables in row 1 and values of these in row 2. These apply to all values in the table. • Metadata for row/column data is indicated by indices (row and column names) that begin with ‘%’ • If the metadata is a unique index it begins as ‘%%’. • This allows table entries for a row or column of descriptive data associated with that row or column. • This could include web links, and other reference material that qualifies the data in that row or column

13. Metadata & Meaning - 3 • Metadata of any form can be attached in { .. anything..} • 2.451*kg*m_3*{=density of kl47 plastic} or • 3.72*milli*(gram/cc)*{=organic matter|lon=30.45*deg|lat=80.2*deg} • Thus {…} is a carrier of information that can be attached to any metanumber and becomes = 1 on evaluation and thus disappears. • This structure allows metadata descriptions, meaning, conditions, and defining data or tags to link to all data in that table, row, column, or individual values.

14. The Numerical Universe

15. MN Tables -> Networks • A MN table Tij representing things (rows) with properties (columns) suggests that some ‘things’ are more alike. • Rewrite Tij as ratios to remove dimensionality. • Construct a network C’jk = exp-(Si Tij - Tik )2 • Define the diagonal Cjj = - Si≠j C’ij • We have proved that Cij is in the Lie algebra that generates all continuous Markov transformations: • M(a) = exp(a C) is a Markov transformation. • The eigenvectors of M identify the clusters in the network C • And can be labeled with the eigenvalue corresponding to each cluster

16. SuperNet • Clusters abstract the essential information in each table. • These clusters can be linked to other clusters using the eigenvalue weights of table indices (nodes). • This results in a single network that joins all numerical information in … • The Numerical Universe

18. Thank You • Joseph E. Johnson, PhD • Distinguished Professor Emeritus • Department of Physics and Astronomy • University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, 29208 • Room 405 Physical Sciences Center • Email: jjohnson@sc.edu • www.asg.sc.edu and • www.metanumber.com Web application powered by the University of South Carolina’s RCI group directed by Dr. Phil Moore