Heart of Darkness

1. Heart of Darkness An Brief Look at Conrad’s Life and Works, Themes and Motifs in Heart of Darkness, and Apocalypse Now

2. Joseph Conrad’s Life • His father and mother, Apollo and Ewa, were political activists.

3. Joseph Conrad’s Life • Apollo tried to educate his son himself, he introduced him to the work of Dickens, Fenimore Cooper. • In 1874, Conrad went to Marseilles France and joined the Merchant Navy • Gun running for the Spanish and a love affair led to a suicide attempt.

4. Joseph Conrad’s Life • Conrad eventually became a British merchant sailor and eventually a master mariner and citizen in 1886. • Writing took a physical and emotional toll on Conrad. The experience was draining

5. Some of Joseph Conrad’s Works: • Lord Jim (1900) • Heart of Darkness (1902) • Under Western Eyes (1910)

6. Heart of DarknessBackground • With the help of a relative in Brussels he got the position as captain of a steamer for a Belgian trading company. • Conrad had always dreamed of sailing the Congo • Had to leave early for the job, the previous captain was killed in a trivial quarrel

7. Heart of Darkness Background • While traveling from Boma (at the mouth) to the company station at Matadi he met Roger Casement who told Conrad stories of the harsh treatment of Africans • Conrad saw some of the most shocking and depraved examples of human corruption he’d ever witnessed. He was disgusted by the ill treatment of the natives, the scrabble for loot, the terrible heat and the lack of water. • He saw human skeletons of bodies left to rot - many were bodies of men from the chain gangs building the railroads. • Dysentary was rampant as was malaria; Conrad had to terminate his contract due to illness and never fully recovered

8. THE CONGO

9. Heart of Darkness Narrative Structure • Framed Narrative • Narrator begins • Marlow takes over • Narrator breaks in occasionally • Marlow is Conrad’s alter-ego, he shows up in some of Conrad’s other works including “Youth: A Narrative” and Lord Jim

10. Varied Interpretations • Many different interpretations have been put on this book: • Some see it as an attack on colonialism and a criticism of racial exploitation • Some see Kurtz as the embodiment of all the evil and horror of the capitalist society. • Others view it as a portrayal of one man’s journey into the primitive unconscious where the only means of escaping the blandness of everyday life is by self degradation.

11. Heart of Darkness Themes & Motifs • Darkness • Primitive Impulses (Kurtz, previous captain, etc.) • Cruelty of Man (Kurtz and Company) • Lies/Hypocrisy (Marlow chooses Kurtz evil versus Company’s hypocritical evil) • Imperialization/Colonization (Belgian Company) • Greed • Exploitation of People

12. Heart of Darkness Themes & Motifs • Role of Women • Civilization exploitive of women • Physical connected to Psychological • Barriers (fog, thick forest, etc.) • Rivers (connection to past, parallels time and journey)

13. Review of Criticism • Marlowe, the narrator, describes how difficult conveying a story is: "Do you see the story? Do you see anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream--making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible, which is the very essence of dream . . .No, it is impossible; it is impossible to convey the life-sensation of any given epoch of one's existence--that which makes its truth, its meaning-- its subtle and penetrating essence. It is impossible. We live, as we dream--alone . . ."

14. Review of Criticism • Marxist: You can see Heart of Darkness as a depiction of, and an attack upon, colonialism in general, and, more specifically, the particularly brutal form colonialism took in the Belgian Congo. • the mistreatment of the Africans • the greed of the so-called "pilgrims" • the importance of ivory to the economics of the system.

15. Review of Criticism • Sociological/Cultural:Conrad was also apparently interested in a more general sociological investigation of those who conquer and those who are conquered, and the complicated interplay between them. • Marlow's invocation of the Roman conquest of Britain • the ways in which the wilderness tends to strip away the civility of the Europeans and brutalize them

16. Review of Criticism • Psychological/Psychoanalytical:Conrad goes out of his way to suggest that in some sense Marlow's journey is like a dream or a return to our primitive past--an exploration of the dark recesses of the human mind. • we are all primitive brutes and savages, capable of the most appalling wishes and the most horrifying impulses (the Id) • we can make sense of the urge Marlow feels to leave his boat and join the natives for a savage whoop and holler

17. Review of Criticism • Religious:Heart of Darkness as an examination of various aspects of religion and religious practices. • the role of Christian missionary concepts in the justifications of the colonialists • the dark way in which Kurtz fulfills his own messianic ambitions by setting himself up as one of the local gods

18. Review of Criticism • Moral-Philosophical:Heart of Darkness is preoccupied with general questions about the nature of good and evil, or civilization and savagery

19. Review of Criticism • Formulist: • Threes: There are three parts to the story, three breaks in the story (1 in pt. 1 and 2 in pt. 2), and three central characters: the outside narrator, Marlow and Kurtz • Contrasting images (dark and light, open and closed)

20. Modernism • Heart of Darkness was published in the Late Victorian-Early Modern Era but exhibits mostly modern traits: • an interest in an exploration of the psychological • an awareness of primitiveness and savagery as the condition upon which civilization is built, and therefore an interest in the experience and expressions of non-European peoples • a skepticism that emerges from the notion that human ideas about the world seldom fit the complexity of the world itself, and thus a sense that multiplicity, ambiguity, and irony--in life and in art--are the necessary responses of the intelligent mind to the human condition.

21. Apocalypse Now • Apocalypse Now is a film that was directed by Francis Ford Coppola starring Martin Sheen, Robert Duvall and Marlon Brando • This film was based on Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. • Coppola takes the story to Vietnam. Captain Willard (Marlow) is sent on a mission to kill Colonel Kurtz who has gone renegade