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SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS

SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS. UĞUR İŞBİTİREN 1890151 PSYC 374. OUTLINE. History & General Characteristics of Schizophrenia Brief Overview of Symptoms Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Genetic Explanation Neurochemical Explanation Brain Abnormalities

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SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS

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  1. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS UĞUR İŞBİTİREN 1890151 PSYC 374

  2. OUTLINE • History & General Characteristics of Schizophrenia • Brief Overview of Symptoms • Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia • Genetic Explanation • Neurochemical Explanation • Brain Abnormalities • Other Biological Explanations • Conlusion

  3. HISTORY • FirstidentifedbyGermanPsychiatrist Emil Kraepelin as ‘‘DementiaPraecox’’ • Kraepelinmainlyunderlinedmentaldetoriation, extremesuspicion in additiontohallucinations, withdrawnbehavior, incapacityforregularworks • SwissPsychiatristEugenBleulernamed it as ‘‘Schizophrenia’’ withtoday’sdiagnosticcriteria Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2011

  4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS • Type of psychoticdisorders • Loss of contactwithreality • Bizarrebehaviours • Mostinterestingandmostpuzzling • May be verydevastativeanddisruptive Passer et al, 2009

  5. SYMPTOMS • PositiveSymptoms (DSM-IV-TR) • Delusions • Hallucinations • Disorganizedspeech • Grosslydisorganizedorcatatonicbehavior • At leastforonemonth, twoormore of theabovemust be present. Barlow & Durand, 2012

  6. SYMPTOMS (cont’d) • NegativeSymptoms (DSM-IV-TR) • Avolition (littleinterestfordailyactivities) • Alogia (littlecontent in communication) • Anhedonia (lack of pleasurefromactivities) • AffectiveFlattening (lack of emotionsdisplayed) Barlow & Durand, 2012

  7. BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • GeneticPredisposition • One of thestrongestevidence (Carlson, 2010) • Identicaltwins, 48% chancetohaveSchizophrenia (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2011) • Responsiblegenesareunknown, foundthatinteraction of severalgenesplays role (Kalat, 2009).

  8. http://www.schizophrenia.com/research/hereditygen.htm

  9. BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS (cont’d) • DopamineHypothesis • Theneurochemicalperspective • Excessiveactivity in Dopaminepathwaysassociatedwithsymptoms • Challengedandadjustedseveraltimes, yet still, themostimportantneurochemicalexplanation (Comer, 2014). • Supportedbythefactthatsubstancesassociatedwithpsychoticeffectsincreasethedopaminerelease in thebrain • Emergence of AntipsychoticDrugswhichaffectDopaminerelease (Kalat, 2009)

  10. BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS (cont’d) • BrainAbnormalities • Supportedbylots of studies • PeoplewithSchizophreniahavelargerbrainventricles (spacescontaincerebrospinalfluid) (Jackobi & Winkler, 1927). • Lesserordeficientactivity in DorsolateralPrefrontalCortex (Berman & Weinberger, 1990). • SmallerThalamus size (Shenton et al., 2001). • Hippocampuscellabnormalities (Arnold, 2000). • AlsoabnormalitieswithBasalGanglia, LimbicSystem, Wernicke’ s Area; reduction in volume of GreyMatter, as a result of severalstudies. • Obviouscorrelation yet no cause-effectrelationship! Barlow & Durand, 2012; Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2011

  11. BRAIN IMAGES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/component/content/article/325

  12. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/20/11650/F3.expansion.html

  13. OTHER BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS • GlutamateHypothesis • Lowerrelease of neurotransmitterGlutomateseemsto be relatedwithpositiveandnegativesymptoms of Schizophrenia, based on studieswith PCP andKetamineSubstance • Relativelynewhypothesis, beinginvestigated • TheNeurodevelopmentalHypothesis • Based on the idea thatprenatalandneonatalproblems (viral, poornutrion, birthcomplicationsetc.) maycausebrainabnormalitieswhich can leadtodevelopment of Schizophrenia (Ballon, Dean & Cadenhead, 2007). Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2011; Kalat, 2009)

  14. CONCLUSION • Lots of strongevidencesthatsupportvariousbiologicalexplanations. • Majority of them can onlygivecorrelations, not cause-effectrelations! • Diathesis-Stress Model underlinestherelationshipbetweenobviousgenetic, structuralandenvironmentalaspectssuch as stress, regardingthedevelopment of Schizophrenia (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2011).

  15. REFERENCES • Barlow, D. H. & Durand, V. M. (2012). AbnormalPsychology: An IntegrativeApproach. Belmont: Wadsworth. • Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2011). AbnormalPsychology: CoreConcepts. Boston: Allyn & Bacon • Carlson, N. R. (2010). Physiology of Behaviour. Boston: Allyn & Bacon • Comer, R. J. (2014). Fundamentals of AbnormalPsychology. New York: WorthPublishers. • Kalat, J. W. (2009). BiologicalPsychology. Belmont: Wadsworth. • Passer, M., Smith, R., Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E. & Vliek, M. (2009). Psychology: TheScience of MindandBehaviour. Berkshire: McGraw - Hill.

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