Human Evolution

1. Human Evolution Alan Morales, M.Ed., ATC, LAT

13. modern human modern chimp A. afarensis "Lucy"

16. Primates Lab • Homo sapien, sapien (Aboriginal human) • Bonobo • Homo ergaster (1.8 mya) • Homo ergaster (boy) • Homo floriesnesis • Homo neanderthal • Chimpanzee (male) • Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) • Homo sapien, sapien (12 month old) • Chimpanzee (12 month old) • Homo sapien, sapien (Cro-Magnon) • Homo sapien, sapien (Ancestral )

17. Lab Answers • Known Human • Model A • Model I • Model K • Model L • Model F • Model D • Model C • Model E • Model H • Model B • Model G • Model J • Known Gorilla

18. Overview • Evolution of Primates • Evolution of Hominids • Focus on Homo • Human Variation • Humans as a selective agent

19. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMO

20. Early Primates • Prosimians (~58mya) • Monkeys (35mya) • Apes (23mya) • Hominids (~6mya)

21. Two main groups of primates: • 1. Strepsirrhines (wet-nosed primates) • Prosimians – lemurs, lorises, pottos & tarsiers • 2. Haplorhines (dry-nosed primates) • Anthropoids – monkeys, apes and humans

22. Prosimians Lemurs Tarsiers Pottos Loris

23. Haplorhines • Old World Monkeys: • New World monkeys • Apes Old World Monkey: Long snout Close nostrils Non-prehensile tail New World Monkey: Flat face Wide nostrils Prehensile tail

24. Haplorhines • Apes • Lesser Apes • Gibbons • Great Apes • Orangutans, Gorilla, Chimpanzees, and Humans

26. Primate Characteristics • Binocular vision • Well-developed cerebrum • Long fingers & toes • Arms that can rotate around shoulder joint • Upright posture

27. Binocular Color Vision

28. Primate Hands

29. Mobile Limbs • Most primates have flat nails as well as sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and toes. • Many also have both an opposable big toe and thumb. • Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.

30. Expanded brain capacity • Social behaviors • Intelligences

31. Other important features • Upright posture. • Human and Gorrilla Comparison

33. Hominid Evolutionary Tree

34. Homo neanderthalensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Homo erectus Homo habilis Common ancestor Modern apes Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several possibilities Homo sapiens

35. Intermission

36. CLASSIFICATION OF Homo Sapiens

38. Pre-hominid (Hominin) Evolution • Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 - ? mya • A. anamensis 4.2 - 3.9 • A. afarensis 4.2 - 2.5 • A. bahrelghazali 3.5 - 3.0 • A. africanus 3.5 - 2.5 • P. aethiopicus 2.7 - 2.3 • A. garhi 2.5 - ? • P. boisei 2.3 - 1.3 • P. robustus 2.0 - 1.0 • Bipedalism • Tools • Language Reconstruction of Australopithecine

39. Hominid Evolution • Homo habilis (2.0 – 1.6mya) • H. rudolfensis (2.4-1.6mya) • H. erectus (1.9-27kyBP) • H. heidelbergensis (800-100kyBP) • H. neanderthalensis (300-30kyBP) • H. sapiens (130kyBP – present) Scale: Millions of Years BP

40. Evolution Human Origination

41. Out of Africa Theory East Africa Rift Valley

42. Map of Australopithecine Finds Map of Australopithecus sites in Africa, with a focus on the East African rift valley and limestone caves of South Africa.

43. Hominid Migitration

44. Sahelanthropus tchadensis • 6 to 7 million years ago • Flat face like Homo • Cranial capacity about the same as a chimp • Walked upright • Sahelanthropus tchadensis Video

45. Hominids • Between 7 and 6 million years ago • Hominid family (modern humans) • Bipedal upright (two-foot, locomotion) • Developed opposable thumbs adapted for grasping. • Developed large brains. • Chimpanzees- 280 to 450 cubic centimeters. • Homo sapiens-1200 to 1600 cubic centimeters!

46. To be Genus: Homo Homo erectus, Australopithecus,& Homo Sapien Standard Primate Characteristics: upright, bipedal posture much expanded brain Opposable thumb well defined sexual gender extended childhood language society culture

47. Human Ancestors

48. Human Evolution

49. A. boisei A. afarensis A. africanus A. robustus

50. “Lucy” Australopithecus afarensis Pronouncation An Example of Mosaic Evolution