International Politics Week 1-2: International History (1900-1945)

1. Uluslararası Politika ingilizce notlar! Notlar ek ders çalışma amacıyla verilmiştir, öğrencilerin temel sorumluluğu okumaları yapmaktır.

2. International Politics Week 1-2International History I (1900-1945) Fulya MemisogluDepartment of International RelationsCukurova University SpringSemester 2016

3. Outline of Lecture • Key transformations in international politics between 1900-1945 • World War I & Inter-War Period • The global economic crisis (1929-1933) • The Decline of Europe

4. Key features of the world in 1900 • European states dominate the global patterns of international relations • 1 in 4 of the world’s population lives in Europe (approximately 400 million /1.6 billion) • The European ‘great powers’ (Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia) are the largest military and economic powers • Colonial empires of European states (France, Britain, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands) • Approximately 500 million people live under European colonial rule • Search for colonies continued, especially Germany in Africa; Russia in Asia

5. Key features of the world in 1900 • Disintegration of multi-ethnic empires • The Habsburg Empire (covering Austro-Hungary, most of Central Europe and the Balkans) • The Ottoman Empire (today’s Turkey, most parts of the Middle East, and the Balkans) • Tsarist Russia • Imperial China • Global Capitalist Economy • The United Kingdom: the largest imperial and trading power • Rapid industrial expansion in North America • Modernisation and industrialisation of Japan

6. Key features of the world in 1945 • Prominence of the US and USSR • The split of Germany until 1989 • National economies in ruin, large debts to US • Colonisation power is lessened by War • Collapse of Europe • Growing nationalism in the colonial empires • India seeking independence (achieved in 1947) • Vietnam seeking independence (Ho Chi Minh declaration in 1945) • Civil War in China • Ended with victory of Mao and establishment of the Peoples Republic of China (1949) • Together with the population of the USSR, 1/3 of the world now lives under communist rule

7. The Origins of World War I • Why did Europe lose its predominant place in the world in the years between 1900 and 1945? • What are the main causes of the war? • Who won the war? • What are the ramifications of WWI?

8. Why did Europe lose its prominent place between 1900-1945? • Global economic developments: Severe economic and military challenges from rapidly industrialising states, e.g. The US and Japan • Expansionism of Germany/ Imperial Disputes: Following its unification Germany’s bid for world power status • Alliance between Britain, France, Tsarist Russia against Germany’s determined search for territory and markets • Germany: Mainly economic purposes. North Africa, Middle East (the plan to build a railway between Baghdad and Berlin)

9. The Origins of World War I • The ‘German Problem’ • Unification of Germany in 1871 (collection of 25 states) • For the first time in modern history, the centre of Europe was dominated by a single, vast state • The territory, population, military and industrial strength disrupting balance of Power in Europe • Potential for expansionism • Germany second large population (60m by 1913) after Russia • Rapid industrialisation: coal, steel and iron production • From 1871 to 1914, the value of Germany’s agricultural output doubled, industrial production quadrupled, and overseas trade more than tripled

10. The Origins of World War I • The ‘Eastern Question’ • The slow collapse of the Ottoman Empire • Important source of instability in late 19th and early 20th century • Power vacuum in the region, • The rise of nationalism and claims to statehood • Particularly in the Balkans and Central Europe • National wars in the Balkans with the backing of various European great powers (e.g. Russia-Serbs)

11. Consequences of WWI • The first time in history a conflict that involved so many different countries and peoples; mobilisation of people • The collapse Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, Russia • The urge for a peace settlement • Treaty of Versailles, 1919 • How to avoid war in the future? • What to do with Germany and collapsed empires? • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1926

12. Consequences of WWI • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • A set of principles to shape the subsequent peace • ‘A new approach to international diplomacy: open covenants rather than old-style secret diplomacy • The creation of an international organisations based on the principle of ‘collective security’ League of Nations • The principle of national self-determination: the rights of distinct national groups to govern themselves over their own territory drawing boundaries of the new states of Europe (in the Balkans and CEECs: Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary)

13. The example of Czechoslovakia (1921) Total population 13,607.385 Czechoslovaks 8,759.701 64.37 % Germans 3,123.305 22.95 % Hungarians 744.621 5.47 % Ruthenians 461.449 3.39 % Jews 180.534 1.33 % Poles 75.852 0.56 % Others 23.139 0.17 % Foreigners 238.784 1.75 % • Mussolini ’s description ‘Czecho-Germano-Polono-Magyaro-Rutheno-Romano-Slovakia’

14. Consequences of WWI • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • The principle of national self-determination(cont.): 60 million people got a nation- state of their own while 25 million were transformed into minorities New nation-states of the Balkans and CEE: Ethnic cleavages, weak economies, fragile political institutions • Absolute freedom of navigation in the seas • Disarmament • The removal of economic barriers

15. Consequences of WWI • Other key issues of Versailles • The creation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Spread of Bolshevism into Europe • The Moscow-led Communist International (Comintern) • Period of alliance building for European Security: France, Britain (and Italy, after 1925) extended guarantees to various Eastern and Central European states, promising action if their boundaries were violated by an agresssor

16. Consequences of WWI • Other key issues of Versailles • How to avoid future resurgence of Germany • Germany lost 13 per cent of its land and nearly 7 million people (to Poland, Alsace-Lorraine and Rhineland to France) • Disarmament of Germany • ‘The war guilt’ clause in the Versailles Treaty • The British economist John Maynard Keynes The economic consequences of the Peace: ‘Economic ruination of Germany- the result of punitive reparations would prevent the recovery of Europe as a whole’ • The rise of Hitler’s National Socialists in the 1930s

17. The League of Nations • The first institutional attempt to create an international body designed to mediate disputes with permanent structures and a codified Charter • Collective security: Any act of aggression towards a member by another state will receive a ‘collective response’ • Minority Rights Protection System • The issue of minority rights was a major component of the collective security regime introduced by the League of Nations • the first collective attempt of the twentieth century that placed the rights of minorities on the international agenda. • the role to monitor implementation of minority rights in certain states whose minority populations had significantly increased as the borders were redrawn at the end of World War I.

18. Inter-War Period: The Collapse of International Economy • The war severely damaged the globalised world economy • America slowly taking over Britain’s position in the global economy • By 1929, the US produced 42 per cent of the world’s industrial output --- Germany, Britain &France all together 28 percent • The 1929 Wall Street Crash - Western Europe’s dependence on American loans worsened the crisis -Immediate consequences in Europe: hyper-inflation, a collapse of consumer demand in leading industrial countries decline in manufacturing industry massive unemployment

19. Inter-War Period: The Rise of the Extremist Political Movements The impact of Globalisation: - Global consequences: International trade partners (Latin America, Asia, Colonial territories under the rule of Western European Powers) A Global free trade system isolation of national economies, protectionist policies, attempts to create self-sufficient economies the volume of international trade fell sharply • The fall of democracies and the rise of extreme right-wing dictatorships ( some link to Economic Depression) • Italy, Germany, and many countries of Latin America

20. International History (I) Seminar Discussion Questions (next week) • In what ways did Europe dominate international politics at the start of the twentieth century? • Why was Germany regarded as a problem after its unification in 1871? • What factors resulted in the outbreak of WWI in 1914? • What were the main weaknesses of the post-war peace settlement? • Was Germany treated unfairly by the Treaty of Versailles? • Why were the US and the USSR not more active in international politics in the inter-war period? • Why did the Wall Street stock-market crash have such profound international consequences?

21. The Evolution of International Politics Seminar Discussion Questions (this week) • Is globalisation a new phenomenon in international politics? • Which main theoretical approach best explains globalisation? • Is globalisation a positive or negative development? • Is globalisation merely the latest stage of capitalist development? • Does globalisation make the state obsolete? • Does globalisation make the world more or less democratic? • Is globalisation merely Western imperialism in a new guise? • Does globalisation make war less likely?

22. International Politics Week 3-5International History III(1945-1990)Theend of ColdWar Fulya MemisogluDepartment of International RelationsCukurova University SpringSemester 2016

23. Outline of Lecture • Key transformations in international politics between 1945-1990 • Key themes: 2nd World War, The Cold War & the creation of nuclear weapons, Decolonisation/ the end of European Imperialism

24. World Politics after 1945 • The rise of the Soviet Union and the United States • Their increasing involvement in Europe, militarily and politically • ‘Superpowers’ : combining global objectives with military capabilities that included weapons of mass destruction • The breakup of the wartime alliance between the UK, the USSR, and the USA • Nuclear arms race: challenges to world politics and post-war diplomacy • The East-West confrontation

25. Political, technological and ideological developments in the post-war period The end of Empire • The withdrawal of European countries from their empires in Africa and Asia The Cold War • The political and military confrontation between the SU and the US The Bomb • Development of the atomic and hydrogen bomb The transformation of the international political economy The creation of the United Nations

26. Collapse of imperialism in the 20th century • Decreasing importance of Europe as the leader of world affairs • ‘National self-determination’ • Britain: 49 territories were granted independence • France and Britain: British Commonwealth and the French Union in Africa were established • Methods of economic development assistance • France: Algerian civil war (1945-1962) leading up to 45,000deaths • Portugal: Mozambique and Angola

27. European decolonization 1945-1980 Country/ Colonial state / Year of Independence • India / Britain/ 1947 • Pakistan/ Britain/ 1947 • Burma/Britain/1948 • Indonesia/Holland/ 1949 • Ghana and Malaya/Britain/ 1957 • French African colonies/ France/ 1960 • Zaire/ Belgium/1960 • Algeria/France/1962 • Kenya/Britain/ 1963 • Guinea-Bissau/ Portugal 1974 • Mozambique; Cape Verde; Sao Tome; Angola /Portugal/1975 • Zimbabwe/ Britain/1980

28. Decolonization in Africa and Asia • The local and nationalist movements • The involvement of external states, including the superpowers • The rise of communist movements: Malaya/ Britain1948-1960 Indo-China/ France 1946-1954 Chinese and Soviet support for North Vietnam (the Viet Cong); European and American support for South Vietnam; the defeat of South Vietnam (withdrawal of American forces in 1973)

29. Decolonization in Africa and Asia • Countries lost independence: • Tibet (invaded by China 1950) and East Timor (invaded by Indonesia 1975) • The fall of imperialism and the rise of hegemony • The Soviet ‘hegemony’ in Eastern Europe; The American hegemony in Central America • The struggle for independence/national liberation became part of cold war conflicts when the superpowers and their allies became involved • Has decolonisation been successful?

30. The cold war (1945-1953) • When did the cold war start? • The Russian revolution of 1917? • Or events between 1945-150? • The rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as global powers • The conflicts between the US and the SU • The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Eastern European Allies, People’s Republic of China (PRC), revolutionary movements and governments in the third world

31. The Cold War • The Policy of containment : the commitment of the US to defend Western Europe • The Truman doctrine (1947) • Marshall Plan for European Economic recovery (1947) • The first major confrontation • The deployment of American long-range bombers in Britain • The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (1949) ‘The key principle of the treaty: collective self-defence’

32. Truman Doktrini • 1947‘de Başkan Truman, Kongre’den Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın Sovyetlere karşı desteklenmesi için 300 Milyon $’lık bir yardım yapılması için talepte bulundu. • Tartışmalar sonunda Başkan’a Türkiye ve Yunanistan’a askeri uzmanlar gönderme ve bu iki ülkeye yardım yapılabilmesi için 400 Milyon $ (300 Milyon $ Yunanistan, 100 Milyon $ Türkiye için) kullanabilme yetkisi verildi. • Askeri yardım

33. Marshall Planı’nın nedenleri • Ekonomik nedenler • Savaş sonrası dönemde ABD’nin ekonomisi güçlü bir Avrupa’ya ihtiyaç duyması, • Avrupa’da işsizliğin azalması, ihracatın artması Avrupa’nın bütünleşmiş bir dünya ticaret sisteminin içine sokulması, • Stratejik nedenler • Orta ve Batı Avrupa’da oluşan güç boşluğu • Sovyetler Birliği etkisi • Avrupa’da ABD federal sistemine benzer bir yapı kurulması (bkz Erhan, p. 278)

34. Marshall Plan sonuçları • Avrupa Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü’nün kurulması (OEEC-Organization of European Economic Cooperation) • 1961’de Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD-Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) • Katılımcılara 13 milyar dolar civarında yardım • Amerikan ekonomisine katkısı • 1929-1940 döneminde Avrupa yatırımları %1.5 artmış • 1947-1950 arası dönemde madencilik sektörü %38, petrol ürünleri %143 artmış • Avrupa’da temel maddelerin ithalatı kolaylaşmış, üretim artışı, enflasyon düşüşü, ticaret gelişmesi

35. The cold war • The willingness of the US to use nuclear weapons to deter Soviet ‘aggression’ • 1949: The Chinese civil war ended with the victory for the communists under Mao Zedong • 1950: The attack of North Korea on South Korea • The involvement of China, The United Nations and the United States • Over three years, 3million people died • Hostility continued even after the end of the cold war • Consequence: the build up of American conventional forces in Western Europe

36. Germany

37. The major cold war crises • Korean War • 1961 Berlin Wall • 1962 Cuba missile crisis • 1973 Arab-Israeli War • Vietnam War • South Africa – Apartheid Regime

38. The cold war (1953-1969) • The rearmament of the Federal Republic of Germany (1954) • The creation of Warsaw Pact (1955) • 7,000 nuclear weapons installed in Europe by the 1960s • 1962: more stable period of coexistence and competition • Seeking ‘coexistence’ while pursuing confrontation • Soviet support for movements of national liberation across the world • Modernisation of the Soviet society • Polish reformism • `1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary (1956) • The death of Stalin (1953)  Nikita Khrushchev • The Vietnamese war • The deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations • The Soviet- American detente; The Chinese- American rapproachment • http://www.slideshare.net/browniator/chapter-8-cold-war?next_slideshow=7

39. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Superpower relations: • Policy of containment • Nuclear strategy • The invention of the atomic bomb • Heavy expenditure on nuclear technology • Updating nuclear strategy for ‘deterrence’ • Mutual Assured Destruction • 1950-60s: US nuclear strategy: Passive deterrence ‘Intercontinental ballistic missiles’ (ICBMs) • 1957: USSR launched the satellite ‘SPUTNIK’

40. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) • Kitle imha silahları: Kitlesel ve ayrım gözetmeyen tahrip kapasitesine sahip, nükleer, radyolojik, kimyasal ve biyolojik silah kategorisi. • 1968 Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasını Önleme Antlaşması (Non-proliferation treaty)

41. Why do states want nuclear weapons? • If you have nuclear weapons, it deters other countries of invading you; threaten your territorial integrity ‘in a big way’ • While you can be attacked in a number of different ways, but another state coming would be difficult.. • Nuclear weapons give a compelling power’, but it doesn’t work • What are the advantages of having nuclear power?

42. Why do states want nuclear weapons Just 9 countries… • US motivation-Germany  bombing Japan • Russian motivation- inevitable since the US has it; ‘nuclear weapons would avoid devastating wars: never again’ • France: didn’t want to rely on US& UK, dominant player WW2; same reasoning applies as Russia • The UK: original study of feasibility, British scientists were in from the beginning in Manhattan project • China: early 50s after the revolution, arrangement with SU that the latter would help. Motivation: blackmailed by the US, later by the SU. We won’t use them first, we prefer disarmament • Israel: functional nuclear weapon. ‘Logic was clear: never again’ surrounded by larger states not recognizing their existence. 1967 war was an example of this threat; so this capability was essential. France helped. It doesn’t acknowledge; doesn’t claim pride or prestige in possessing nuclear weapons. Very restrained existential provider of security. • India: 1974 first test; peaceful nuclear explosion. ‘Peaceful purposes’. 1962 defeat. Chinese test also played a role • Pakistan: Obsession with India • North Korea: end of Cold War they’re on their own, against S.Korea. İlk denemesi 2006’da • Iran:?

43. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)- Karşılıklı Kesin Yıkım • A military strategy doctrine ‘a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender’ • Based on the theory of deterrence: ‘the deployment of strong weapons is essential to threaten the enemy in order to prevent the use of the very same weapons’ • Aimed to prevent direct full-scale conflicts between the US and the SU while they engaged in smaller proxy wars around the world (Korea, Vietnam, the Middle East) • The theory’s dangerous and effective implications: the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

44. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • The Cold War came closest to a nuclear war starting with the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Cuban and Soviet governments • After much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in southern Italy and in Turkey, the latter on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. • Hotline Agreement : the Moscow-Washington hot line, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington, D.C.

45. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Superpower relations • Nuclear parity (1960s) • The Kennedy Administration: ‘the US should develop 2nd strike capability’ • Minutemen missiles • Polaris missiles: submarine launch ballistic missiles • Consequences of nuclear parity (1970s) • Advanced technology & uncontrollable arms race • The Vietnam war & Oil crisis • Extended deterrence (USA-Europe) still credible?

46. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) NATO’s nuclear strategy (1950s) • Massive retaliation: no accurate targeting strategy, nuclear weapons are not war fighting weapons • Flexible response(1967): both conventional and nuclear weapons can be used Western Europe between the Superpowers: • Extended deterrence: Europe was tied to the US by NATO • Advancement in nuclear technology: SU launched Sputnik (1957) • Psychological political problem: Western European security under threat?

47. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) French President Charles de Gaulle • Independent foreign policy from the US? • A first visit to Moscow • ‘The Two Fouchet Plans’: The Union of States; a common foreign and security policy (1960s) • The establishment of a defence and security committee within the European Community (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) • European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community

48. The cold war (1969-1979: The rise and fall of détente) Détente: the period when both superpowers attempted to manage their relations within a framework of negotiations and agreements - how to avoid nuclear crises and uncontrollable arms race - In the US: Political leadership of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, e.g. Sino-American rapprochement - revolutionary movements in the third world, e.g. Moscow’s support for revolutionary forces in Ethiopia (1975); Angola (1978); the revolution in Iran (1979); Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979) - 1980 Ronald Reagan was elected as US president

49. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Arms control Agreements: • Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963): Nuclear testing over ground is prohibited. • Non-proliferation Treaty (1968) : the aim is to limit the spread of nuclear weapons beyond the nuclear powers that already existed • There are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, 5 have nuclear weapons? • 4 sovereign states are not parties? • Three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, the right to peacefully use nuclear technology

50. The cold war (Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control) Arms control Agreements: • Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (1972) : To limit the new production of strategic weapons on both sides for 5 years • SALT II (1979) • START 1 (1991) ve START (1993): Reduces strategic arms (long-range weapons) Stratejik Silahların Azaltılması Antlaşması • START (1999): Sonuca ulaşamadı Criticism: ‘The arms control agreements do not intend to eliminate the weapons. Instead, it serves to legitimize the existence and growth of nuclear weapons’