LUSI Overview J. B. Hastings

LUSI OverviewJ. B. Hastings • Science Opportunities • Project Description • Project Management • Summary

t= t=0 Process to define LCLS science Atomic, molecular and optical science (AMOS) Diffraction studies of stimulated dynamics (pump-probe) (XPP) Coherent-scattering studies of nanoscale fluctuations (XCS) Nano-particle and single molecule coherent x-ray imaging (CXI) High energy density science (HEDS) Letters of Intent  LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) review July 2004 Defined Thrust Areas SLAC Report 611 Aluminum plasma classical plasma G G =1 =10 dense plasma G =100 high den. matter - 4 1 - 2 2 4 10 10 10 10 Density (g/cm-3)

LUSI Scope • CD-0 : Instruments for 3 thrust areas Coherent x-ray imaging, Pump probe and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy • Plan presented at January 2007 Lehman review • Action item: By March 1, 2007 provide a plan to DOE that provides instrumentation for science at CD-4 for LCLS • Further guidance: Focus in priority order on hard x-ray instruments for Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI), X-ray Pump-Probe (XPP), X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XCS) • March 2007 LCLS SAC fully endorses the March 1 scope and plan for early science with LCLS • LUSI now has 3 hard x-ray instruments: CXI, XPP and XCS

Studies of laser-excited transient states • Chemical reactions, and structural phase transitions, involve sub-picosecond rearrangements of atoms. • Typical sound speed - 1Å in 100 fs • Many of these reactions can be triggered by an optical laser pulse, and can be ‘precisely synchronized’ with the LCLS x-ray pulse. • The ultrafast x-ray pulses can be used to take snap-shot measurements of the mean positions atoms and thus produce atomic scale movies of atoms in motion.

Short Pulse Laser Excitation Impulsively Modifies Potential Energy Surfaces Non-thermal melting of InSb Coherent phonons in Bi

Ultrafast X-ray Scattering Provides Direct Access to Atomic Motion on non-Equilibrium Potential Energy Surfaces …characterizes the shape of the potential A. Lindenberg, et al.Science 308, 392 (2005). D.M. Fritz, et al.Science 315, 633 (2007).

Imaging of biomolecules and other nano-particles • X-ray scattering has long been used to determine atomic structures. However, to avoid radiation damage limitations, protein crystallographers require that their samples form crystals. • LCLS offers an alternative approach. A very intense and very short LCLS x-ray pulse could be focused onto a single molecule, which would be destroyed – but not before the scattered x-rays are already on their way to the detector carrying the information needed to deduce the image. • This technique offers the possibility of determining structures for samples which do not form crystals, including important classes of biological macromolecules.

1 micron SEM of structure etched into silicon nitride membrane First image reconstructed from an ultrafast FEL diffraction pattern 1st shot at full power 2nd shot at full power Reconstructed Image – achieved diffraction limited resolution! Wavelength = 32 nm Chapman et al. Nature Physics (2006) 1 micron Edge of membrane support also reconstructed

First X-ray imaging of unstained biological cells ‘on-the-fly’ 30 Image reconstructed using Shrinkwrap (S. Boutet) 60 Resolution length (nm) Scattering Amplitude 0 60 1 micron 30 Reconstruction is the average of the 5 best fits to the measured amplitude Single shot ~10 fs diffraction pattern recorded at a wavelength of 13.5 nm of a picoplankton organism. This cell was injected into vacuum from solution, and shot through the beam at 200 m/s

Nano-scale dynamics of condensed matter • Complex dynamics at the nanometer to micrometer scale lie at the frontier of research in condensed matter. • Viscoelastic flow of liquids, polymer diffusion, domain switching, and countless other collective processes show both fast and slow equilibrium dynamics, revealed by x-ray correlation spectroscopy • Using the coherence and the narrow pulse duration of the LCLS will enable the study of fluctuations in condensed matter systems at the nanoscale and over a wide range of time scales.

D t Intensity autocorrelation function D t D t D t D t 4 D t 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 Sequential XCS • Time-average Brilliance • 10 ms < tC < hrs • Large Q’s accessible

Ultrafast XCS • Peak Brilliance & Pulse Duration • pulse duration < tC< several ns • Large Q’s accessible

Ultrafast XCS : Split & Delay High Peak Brilliance Short pulse duration 230fs

LCLS parameter needs

Project description (1) 1 3 2 5 4 6 • SXR Imag • AMOS (LCLS) • XPP Full instrument • XCS Full instrument • CXI Full instrument • HEDS Beam Transport Offset Monochromator Exp. Chamber Detector LCLS LUSI HEDS (NNSA)

Project description (2) CXI WBS 1.3 X-ray transport tunnel XCS WBS 1.4 XPP WBS 1.2 HEDS (outside Funding) SXR imaging XPS Offset Monochromator WBS 1.4 LCLS AMOS

Project description (3) • WBS 1.2 XPP

Project description (4) • WBS 1.3 CXI

Project description (5) • WBS 1.4 XCS

Project description (6) • WBS 1.5 Diagnostics

Project description (7) • WBS 1.6 Controls and Data System SCCS LUSI Volume Rendering Cluster Quick View Rendering Node Volume Rendering Node Detector Control Node 10–G Ethernet 10–G Ethernet 2D Detector DAQ Box ADC FPGA Data Server 4 x 2.5 Gbit/s fiber Data Server Accelerator 120Hz Data Exchange & Timing Interface Tape Drives/ Robots Disk Arrays/ Controller Off-line On-line

Project description (8) • Prime performance parameters • X-ray pump probe instrument (XPP) • 4-24 keV operation with pump laser • 2-d detector with 1024x 1024pixels • Large dynamic range, moderate pixel size • Coherent x-ray imaging instrument (CXI) • 4-24 keV operation with focused beam • 2-d detector with 760 x 760 pixels • Moderate pixel size, central hole • X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XCS) • 4-24 keV operation • 2-d detector with 1024 x 1024pixels • Very low noise, small pixel

LUSI organization for CD-1 LCLS LCLS Science Advisory Committee R. Falcone, Chair

AMOS L. Di Mauro, Ohio State University (leader) N. Berrah, Western Michigan University Pump-Probe K. Gaffney, Photon Science-SLAC (leader) D. Reis, University of Michigan T. Tschentscher, DESY J. Larsson, Lund Institute of Technology A. Nilsson, Photon Science-SLAC(SXR) XCS B. Stephenson, ANL (leader) K. Ludwig, Boston University G. Grübel, DESY Imaging J. Hajdu, Photon Science-SLAC, Uppsala University (leader) H. Chapman, LLNL J. Miao, UCLA J. Lüning, U. Paris (SXR) HEDS R. Lee, LLNL (leader) P. Heimann, LBNL Team Leaders

March 1, 2007 Action Item Planning Assumptions 1) Funding profile • Instrument priorities • Coherent Imaging including particle injector • X-ray pump-probe including sample environments • XCS complete to extent possible within funding 3) Establish a phased approach

Delivered at CD-4a CXI Phase I instrument - Hutch 5 X-ray beam focusing Be lens system for 1 and 2 micron foci Sample chamber Sample diagnostics (ion and electron time of flight, visible light), raster stage for supported sample, port for particle injector, detector stage Beam diagnostics Control system Detector Utilize LCLS 2 dimensional detector

Delivered at CD-4a XPP Phase I instrument - Hutch 3 X-ray beam focusing Be lens system 8 circle diffractometer Laser optics Share the laser system with the AMOS experiment Beam diagnostics Electro-optic timing sensing Control system Detector prototype of LCLS 2-d detector

Budget (K$)

Schedule (milestones) • CD-1 Sept., 2007 Conceptual design • CXI, XPP: • CD-2a ?? Baseline established • CD-3a ?? Construction start • CD-4a Feb. 2010 LCLS early science • CD-4b March 2012 Project complete • XCS: • CD-2b Oct. 2009 Baseline established • CD-3b March 2010 Construction start • CD-4b March 2012 Project complete

LUSI is a unique opportunity for experiments at LCLS • There has been outstanding work and cooperation from all the research teams and team leaders • With LUSI capability for early science February 2010 • The specific areas of risk identified • Project is well coordinated with LCLS – now part of the LCLS organization • LUSI is proceeding to CD-2a

LUSI Overview J. B. Hastings