Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Road to Independence

2. S-1:Revenue (incoming money) • Mercantilist system: colonies were expected to serve the colonial power • Bill for French and Indian War • Small taxes won’t matter • Brits paying even more

3. Sugar Act 1764 • Placed a new tax on molasses (tri. Trade) • Replaced a higher tax which if paid, put colonial merchants out of business • Made it easier to bring smugglers to trial

4. 1765 Stamp Act • Placed new duties on legal documents, papers, etc. • Made it easier to bring smugglers to trial • Duties also used in Britain

5. Stamp Act Congress • Delegates from 9 colonies meet in NYC • Drew up petition to George III and Parliament • Rejected the Act and signed nonimportation agreement • Urged merchants to boycott British goods

6. Reason? • No Taxation without Representation • Ignored

7. Results • Boycotts • Refused to buy certain goods and services from British • Trade fell 14% • BT merchants complained to their government • 1766 Parliament repealed (canceled) the Act • BUT Pass>>>

8. Declaratory Act 1766 • Parliament has the right to tax and make decisions for the British colonies “in all cases.” • Ignored colonial tradition of self-government

9. Townshend Acts 1767 • Taxed imported goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea • Low tax but still: TWOR • Set up new ways to collect taxes • Customs officials sent to ports to stop smuggling • Writs of Assistance: legal document no reason needed • Could search homes

10. Results: • More Protests • Sons of Liberty: formed to protest BT policies • Staged mock hangings of cloth or straw effigies Dressed as BT officials

11. Daughters of Liberty: paraded, signed petitions, protesting Townshend Acts • organized a boycott of fine BT cloth • Urged women to raise more sheep, prepare more wool, weave and spin their own cloth • The “Homespun” look

12. Samuel Adams • Failure in business • Poor public speaker • Talent for organizing people • Loved politics • Attended town meetings and Son’s of Liberty meetings (organized the group in Boston)

13. Patrick Henry • Member of VA House of Burgesses • Persuaded them to take action against the Stamp Act • Resolution: (formal expression of opinion) only it had the right to tax the colonists

14. Section 2 • Building Colonial Unity • Boston Massacre • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts

15. Increasing tensions • Port Cities are centers of Protest (Boston and Philadelphia) • Britain sends soldiers to Boston to protect customs officers from local citizens • Difficulty doing their jobs • Become daily reminder to citizens that Britain was bullying them into paying unjust taxes • Soldiers were heckled and sometime beaten

16. Boston Massacre • March 1770 outside British customs house • Crowd is heckling the redcoats throwing snowballs, oysters, and ice at them • Crowd grows and soldiers fire into the crowd • 5 people killed • Samuel Maverick (17) • Crispus Attucks (black sailor)

17. Paul Revere • Boston Silversmith • Makes an engraving showing BT soldier firing on unarmed colonists. a citizen has his back turned2. there is a puppy in front of the civilians symbolizing their helplessness.3. a church behind the battle showing that maybe the soldiers had no regard for religon or church. since they killed people in the presence of a church building.4. A a building behing the soldiers it says "butchers market" is right above the soldiers referring that it was a slaugter.it all tries to give the idea that the soldiers committed a haneous crime. Rate This Answer

18. Propaganda-information designed to influence opinion

23. What does Revere’s Engraving Show? • a citizen has his back turned • there is a puppy in front of the civilians symbolizing their helplessness • a church behind the battle showing that maybe the soldiers had no regard for religion or church since they killed people in the presence of a church building • a building behind the soldiers is labeled "butchers market“ referring to a slaughter • Crispus Attucks appears white • Looks like it’s in daylight (blue sky) except for moon • British soldiers standing in straight line

24. RESULTS • Soldiers Arrested and tried in court • John Adams defends them (justice) • Argues that they were provoked • Light punishment • Parliament repeals Townshend Acts except on tea (same day as Boston Massacre) • Many ended boycotts • Calm for a few years

25. Samuel Adams again… • Starts committees of correspondence • A form of protest • Circulate writings against the British • Committees spread throughout colonies

26. What’s this about TEA? • A million colonists brewed tea twice a day! • App. 15mill. pounds of tea sat unsold in BT warehouses • Parliament passes the TEA ACT 1773 • British East India Co. facing bankruptcy • To save Parliament let the co. bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonists

27. Eliminate Middle Man • Still a tax • Tea is cheaper • Angers American tea merchants • Cut out • Violated free enterprise to force them to buy from a particular company

28. Results • New Boycott of tea • Daughters of Liberty (liberty tea) • Sons of Liberty (kept it from being unloaded)

29. Boston Tea PartyBoston harbor a teapot tonight! The Mohawks are come!” • Dec. 16, 1773-group of men disguised as Mohawks and armed with hatchets go to wharves and at midnight board ship and throw 342 chests of tea in water • Had demanded governor make the ships go back but governor refused • Organized by Sam Adams and Sons of Liberty

30. Intolerable Acts • Punish colonists (Massachusetts) for Boston Tea Party • 1774 Parliament encouraged by George III passes Coercive Acts • 1. Boston port closed until tea paid for • 2. No town mtgs. In Mass. Colonists could not hold town meetings more than 1xyear w/o the governor’s permission • 3. Juries selected by BT officials • 4. BT officials accused of major crimes tried in BT courts • 5. Quartering Act • 6. Quebec Act

31. Quartering Act • Under this law, colonists had to provide housing, candles, bedding, and beverages to soldiers stationed in the colonies.

32. Also passes Quebec Act • Set up a government for Canada and gave complete religious freedom to French Catholics • Extended the borders of Quebec to include land between Ohio and Missouri Rivers

33. Section 3A Call to Arms • Continental Congress • 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia (not GA) • To establish a political body to represent American interests and challenge British control • Mainly leaders/lawyers: Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington

34. Outcome of Congress • Wrote statement of grievances wanting 13 acts of Parliament passed since 1763 repealed • Boycott all British goods and trade • Endorse Suffolk Resolves: called on people of Suffolk county to arm themselves • Militias form- groups of citizen soldiers

35. The First Battles • Minutemen: soldiers ready to fight on a minute’s notice • Britain takes notice of colonists readying themselves for conflict • King George states colonies are in a “state of rebellion” and “blows must decide” who would control America

36. General Thomas Gage • British General with thousands of Redcoats under his control around Boston • Instructed to take away Massachusetts militia weapons and arrest leaders • Ordered a march to Concord to seize and destroy artillery

37. Colonists watching for unusual activity by BT • Doctor alerts Paul Revere and William Dawes • They ride to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock • Revere rides through sleepy towns warning colonists along the way the Redcoats are coming

38. Paul Revere’s Ride • http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1231017

39. Lexington and Concord • Minutemen: arms at Concord (18 mi) • Gage -surprise attack • April 18, 1775 700 BT troops quietly leave Boston in dark • Approach 70 minutemen at Lexington commanded by John Parker • Shot : no one knows who fired /8 colonists dead.

41. Concord, find little arms, turn back • Meet 300 minutemen on bridge outside Concord • BT forced to retreat • Colonists shooting from woods/ fields/fences and women from windows • 73 dead 174 wounded • Committees of Correspondence: join militia

42. Ft. Ticonderoga • Ethan Allen, VT blacksmith, • leads “Green Mountain Boys” • Benedict Arnold authorized to raise a force to do this so join together • Surprise attack

43. Ft. Surrendered: Why important? • Valuable supply of cannons and gunpowder • Control of a key route into Canada

44. 1st Year Most Fighting around Boston • 6000 troops surrounded by Militia • Colonel William Prescott lead 1200 men up Bunker Hill • Could fire on BT ships in Boston Harbor • Orders men to move to Breed’s Hill • BT General William Howe moves 2400 Redcoats to attack • 2 retreats then successful

45. Why is this important? • 1. First major battle of the Revolution • 2. Proved that Americans could fight bravely • 3.Showed that the British would not be easy to defeat.

46. Patriots: colonists who favored war against Britain (1/3) • Poorly organized army • Few cannons, gunpowder • No navy • Few willing to enlist • Loyalists: American colonists who remained loyal to Britain • Many flee to BT or Canada • during war, BT controlled cities.

47. British: highly trained experienced troops • Best Navy in world • Supported by many colonists • 3000 mi from home • Supplies took long time to get • Attacked in countrysides

48. Section 4: • Second Continental Congress: May 10, 1775 • 1.John Hancock President from Mass. $/funded SOL 2.authorized printing of $ 3.set up post office 4.diplomatic committees 5. Continental Army George Washington as Commander 6.sent Olive Branch Petition to King

49. Olive Branch Petition • Declared loyalty to the King • Asked him to repeal Intolerable Acts • Asked him to protect Colonial rights • Kings response is declare war and send 30,000 more soldiers

50. Colonies take Offensive • Learn of invasion of NY planned • March from Ft. Ticonderoga and capture Montreal, Canada • Benedict Arnold attacks Quebec/unsuccessful