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Migration Streams and Counterstreams

Migration Streams and Counterstreams. Ken Keller – DHS 2004. Migration Streams = highly channelized flow from a particular origin to destination. Opportunities are localized. Migrants follow established routes of transportation. Focused information flows. Mutual aid and assistance.

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Migration Streams and Counterstreams

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  1. Migration Streams and Counterstreams Ken Keller – DHS 2004

  2. Migration Streams = highly channelized flow from a particular origin to destination • Opportunities are localized. • Migrants follow established routes of transportation. • Focused information flows. • Mutual aid and assistance

  3. Arizona migration partners in 1999-2000 • 38,203 from California • 6,770 from Texas • 5,358 from Illinois • 5,042 from Washington • 4,675 from New Mexico • 4,400 from Colorado • 3,304 from Nevada

  4. New Immigrants are highly concentrated in American cities. • 95% settle in one of the nation’s metropolitan areas. • 66.5% of Cubans settle in Miami area • 1/3 of Salvadorans in LA area; 16% in Washington DC; another 15% in NYC area. • Haitians in S. Florida and NYC • Chinese in CA and NYC area • Dominicans in S. Florida and NYC area • Vietnamese in CA, Washington, DC, NY • Bosnians in Washington, DC., St. Louis, and Phoenix

  5. Immigrants from abroad were focused on different destinations than domestic migrants.

  6. Counterstreams = return movement • Dissatisfaction with destination • Communications channels evolve

  7. 1935 – 1940 Streams • Growth of megalopolis in the northeast • Beginnings of suburbanization from NY to NJ • Dustbowl migration from Oklahoma and Texas to CA • Impression that migration involves the poor in search of new opportunity

  8. 1955 to 1960 Streams • Emergence of a national migration system. Previously streams had been regional in scope. • NY to NY represents suburbanization. • NY to FL represents the beginnings of retirement migration. • The fact that the other three steams terminate in CA shows attractiveness of CA to a wide geographical area.

  9. 1965 to 1970 • Similar to 1955 to 1960 except for the evolution of a CA to WA stream. • CA begins to emerge as a redistributor of population – attracts migrants from the Midwest and East and redistributes them across the West.

  10. 1975 to 1980 Streams • NY to FL becomes more important than NY to NJ. Working age New Yorkers are now moving to FL for economic opportunity as well as for retirement. • Declining attractiveness of CA as TX to CA stream drops out and CA becomes an important origin for movers

  11. Post 1980 Streams • CA continues its role as a redistributor. Florida also becomes a redistributor -- attracts from NE and then redistributes migrants across S. • West is important migration destination during the 1990s. • South grows but with states other than Florida taking the lead.

  12. Black migration streams and counterstreams • African Americans migrated from the rural South to the urban North after WWI until around 1970. • Discrimination in the South • Income inequalities • Protectionist immigration laws restrict immigrants from Europe • Increased information and better transportation • Northern industries recruited southern blacks

  13. Stream is reversed around 1970 • Why? • Race riots and deteriorating economic conditions in large American cities • Growing economic opportunity in the South. Whites also moved to the South although they began a decade earlier. • Improved social conditions due to the Civil Rights movement

  14. Significant Geography • Highly channelized movement from South to North: NE to South Atlantic states; Midwest to AL, MS, MO, TN; and LA, OK, and TX to California. • Streams are weaker during the 1970s than 1960s. • Counterstreams become stronger. • Counterstreams connect the same origins and destinations.

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