Recap: what we know so far

Recap: what we know so far TASK 1: Complete the first part of your overview timeline of the reign of Elizabeth, 1558-1570 (boxes in yellow).

1559: The Affair, centred around Elizabeth’s Chapel Royal Religion Late 1558: Cecil drafts the Device for the Alteration of Religion Key: Catholic coercion? Protestant pressure? C By late summer of 1559, Marian bishops who refused the oath to uphold the had been removed July 1559: Royal give further detail about worship in the new Church of England 1560: A Latin edition of the Prayer Book allowed to be said for souls of the dead. 1568: Foundation of an English College in Douai by William Allen for the training of Catholic missionary priests 1569: The Rebellion (AKA the ‘Rising of the Northern Earls’ 1565: The so-called Controversy April 1559: Acts of And And New Prayer Book Royal ‘Visitations’ begin In July 1559 (in London) to ensure adherence to the Religious Settlement. Carried out by committed 1566: Publication of the to confirm expectations with doctrine, liturgy & dress 1563: Convocation passed the of Religion (not put into statute law until 1571) 1570: Elizabeth is by Pope Pius V 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1560: Death of Mary, Queen of Scots returns to Scotland 1563: In the second session of Parliament, MPs petition Elizabeth to marry in order to produce an 1562:Elizabeth nearly dies of 1568: Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes captivity on Loch Leven and flees to November 1558: Elizabeth becomes The Scottish Reformation (1559-1560) 1562: First Hugenot Wars in 1564: In the Treaty of Troyes, Elizabeth lost to France indefinitely The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) signed with July 1560: Treaty of Edinburgh signed with Personal, Political, Diplomatic

Starter: Lobworth Quiz - Chapter 21, Part 2

TASK 2: Why did the Elizabethan religious settlement take the form that it did? (Access Textbook; p.141-143) Summarise the argument(s) of each historian. If you finish early: complete the terminology table.

W.H. Frere, 1904 • The settlement was an unpopular compromise between Elizabeth and her reformist supporters in the Commons on one side, and their conservative opponents in the Lords on the other side • The compromise was forced on Elizabeth by the pressure exerted by the conservative Catholics in the Lords • In essence, the settlement was less Protestant and more Catholic than Elizabeth would have liked • Neither side got what they wanted

Sir John Neale, 1953 • A cautious and conservative queen was manoeuvred against her will into adopting a more Protestant settlement than she would have liked by an organised group of radical MPs • This group, the ‘Puritan Choir’, were Protestant politicians sitting in the commons • These Protestants ensured that the moderate (possibly interim) settlement envisaged by Elizabeth was abandoned

Norman Jones, 1982 • Dismissed the idea that there was an organised group of Protestants / Puritans in the 1559 Parliament (many were still on the way back from Geneva!) • The compromise settlement was exactly what Elizabeth had intended from the beginning – it was intentionally vague in order to be a temporary measure • The queen resisted pressure from both radical reformists in the Commons and conservative Catholics in the Lords

Which interpretation is most convincing? Why? Answer the question on your worksheet in a single sentence.

Extension Homework: Recap of religious terminology Clergy Vestments Purgatory Lutheranism Homily Martyr Convocation Zwingli Injunctions Erastian Heresy Mass Calvinism Doctrine Iconoclasm Chantry Evangelical Justification Sacraments Litany

AQA A-LEVEL (7042) HIS2D – Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–1570 Section 6: The Establishment of the Church of England, 1558-c1570 5 The New Book of Common Prayer _______________________________________________________________________ How acceptable was Elizabeth’s Church Settlement to Protestants and Catholics?

TASK 3: Find evidence from your new worksheet to support the four different interpretations that have put been put forward relating to the nature of the 1559 Elizabethan Religious Settlement: The Settlement was clearly Protestant. The Settlement was designed to ensure conformity of practice and adherence to its principles. The Settlement was moderate (appealing to a wide range of opinion) and made several important Catholic concessions. The Settlement left many issues unresolved.

The Settlement was clearly Protestant: • Papal authority and Heresy Laws revoked • Restoration of the Act of Supremacy; Elizabeth is the ‘Supreme Governor’. • Condemnation of images, relics and miracles in the Royal Injunctions. • Stone altars replaced with wooden tables • The crown took over all non-spiritual church wealth (Act of Exchange), e.g. First Fruits and Tenths. • Priests permitted to marry. • Communion in two kinds • All churches must have an English Bible.

The Settlement was designed to establish conformity: 12p fine for recusancy. Oath required for all clergy and office-holders to use the new Prayer Book. Punishments introduced for not using the new Prayer Book. 125 commissioners employed to enforce the oath. All preachers required a licence, and must teach the Royal Supremacy.

The Settlement was moderate and made important Catholic concessions: • Elizabeth was Supreme Governor not Supreme Head. • Church ornamentation and clergy’s dress was as the 1549 (moderate) Edwardian Prayer Book (the Ornaments Rubric) • The priest could decide whether people sat or knelt during the Eucharist, and there was ambiguous wording of the Communion service. • Insulting references to the Pope omitted from the Prayer Book (so it more closely resembled the 1549 version). • Belief in the Mass and sacraments could not easily be construed as heresy

The Settlement left many issues unresolved: Nothing was definitively said about religious doctrine (especially the Eucharist), causing confusion and uncertainty. Loss of Catholic (but expert) clergy led to a shortage of properly-trained Protestant clergy. The English Church was in crisis anyway due to poverty. A papal excommunication was a possibility, which would lead to Catholic rebellions at home and invasion from abroad.

Draw arrows to show links between contexts, actions and beliefs to explain why the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ended up as a compromise.

Why the settlement was a compromise The context of England as a second-rate (and soon to be) Protestant country amongst strong Catholic powers, one of whom had an Auld Alliance with Scotland. Much of the laity (esp. in the North & South West) were conservative in their views & communities enjoyed the rituals of traditional worship The beliefs of the Protestant members of the Privy Council. The action of conservative Catholics in the Lords rejecting the bill, leading to a [slightly] amended version. Elizabeth’s experience of the Western Rebellion and Wyatt rebellion, which shaped her beliefs about avoiding rebellion at all costs The context ofMarian Exiles spending time in Calvinist Geneva and returning to England in 1558 expecting jobs. Humanism criticised the Catholic Church, fuelling Protestantism. Elizabeth translated three Humanist texts, reflecting her Protestant education in Evangelical Parr’s household and moderately Protestant beliefs. The actions ofMary I , who had been known as ‘Bloody Mary’ for persecuting Protestants, creating martyrs. Roman Catholicism was the main religious belief of Western Europe before the Reformation. So most of the English laity were conservative Catholics (Church Papists). The context ofFrance and Spain ending their conflict (with the action of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis). Elizabeth needed to preserve the fragile friendship with Catholic Spain, as alliance with Habsburgs would keep the balance of power. Cecil’s Device for the Alteration of Religion, taking into account the domestic context, suggested that a few elements of Catholic compromise was needed to avoid civil strife

Further religious developments • Read the rest of the worksheet. • What do these further developments suggest about the success of Elizabeth’s 1559 Religious Settlement? • THEN (and only then) read the section entitled ‘An Assessment of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement’

Conclusion: plot the historians on the continuum to demonstrate how successful they considered Elizabeth’s religious settlement to be. Failure Success

Homework: Bread and Butter 22

How successful was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? DiarmaidMacCulloch, The Later Reformation in Tudor England (1990). From this story of confusion and changing direction emerged a Church which has never subsequently dared define its identity decisively as Protestant or Catholic, and which has decided in the end that this is a virtue rather than a handicap.

How successful was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Christopher Haigh, The Reign of Elizabeth I (1984). By the time Parliament closed in mid-May 1559, the Elizabethan Religious Settlement had taken its permanent form. Not everyone was satisfied with it, however; the Catholics could hardly like it, although they were not to be seriously persecuted under the new laws. Moreover, they were confused. The Pope failed to make it clear to English Catholics where their duty lay. This gentleness towards the Catholics and the Queen’s preference for more traditional ornamentation in her churches was already worrying some leaders of her new Church, who feared that the new religion would be laxly imposed.

How successful was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Susan Doran, Elizabeth I and Religion (1994). Elizabeth was probably content to keep silent on the issue of doctrine in 1559 as she wanted to avoid further antagonising Catholics at home or abroad, as well as taking sides in the theological disputes which were dividing Protestant Europe. Her new Protestant episcopate, however, was very keen to get down to the task of task of establishing the doctrine of the English Church since it believed that a statement of faith was essential to the work of teaching the gospels.

How successful was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Peter Marshall, Heretics and Believers, (2018). ‘Reformation’ was a journey; a continual striving after elusive perfection, in the world and in oneself. The latest measures of 1559 were a staging-post, not a final destination; earnest reformers would not long rest content with any ‘leaden mediocrity’. What was not yet obvious was that the new Supreme Governor simply did not see things this way. Barring some tying up of loose ends, and the necessary measures of implementation and enforcement, the Reformation, Queen Elizabeth believed, was over.

Conclusion: now write down your own conclusion about the success of the Religious Settlement Failure Success

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Draw arrows to show links between contexts, actions and beliefs to explain why the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ended up as a compromise. • Discuss in pairs how Catholics and Protestants would perceive the 1559 Settlement with reference to the following aspects: • The headship of the Church. • The quality of clergy. • The appearance of churches • National issues, e.g., security. • The communion service. • Comparisons with other reigns. Assess the reaction of each individual or group to the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, giving a full justification for each judgement.

John Jewel Bishop of Salisbury and former Marian Exile. • In the Old Testament, monarchs served God by watching over and protecting the faith, rebuking religious leaders where necessary. • The Book of Isiah refers to queens being the ‘nursing mothers’ of the faithful: the parent whose nurturing love and discipline were essential to the child’s salvation. • Doctrinal matters were only the preserve of the clergy. Elizabeth ordered that the Thirty-Nine Articles be strongly influenced by Jewel’s ideas.

Use the following historical interpretations to assess the success of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Source: Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in Tudor England (1990). From this story of confusion and changing direction emerged a Church which has never subsequently dared define its identity decisively as Protestant or Catholic, and which has decided in the end that this is a virtue rather than a handicap. Source: Christopher Haigh, The Reign of Elizabeth I (1984). By the time of Parliament closed in mid-May 1559, the Elizabethan Religious Settlement had taken its permanent form. Not everyone was satisfied with it, however, the Catholics could hardly like it, although they were not to be seriously persecuted under the new laws. Moreover, they were confused. The Pope failed to make it clear to English Catholics where their duty lay. This gentleness towards the Catholics and the Queen’s preference for more traditional ornamentation in her churches was already worrying some leaders of her new Church, who feared that the new religion would be laxly imposed. Source: Susan Doran, Elizabeth I and Religion (1994). Elizabeth was probably content to keep silent on the issue of doctrine in 1559 as she wanted to avoid further antagonising Catholics at home or abroad, as well as taking sides in the theological disputes which were dividing Protestant Europe. Her new Protestant episcopate, however, was very keen to get down to the task of task of establishing the doctrine of the English Church since it believed that a statement of faith was essential to the work of teaching the gospels.

Responses to the religious settlement

Does this quotation help or hinder us in trying to understand Elizabeth’s motives in establishing England’s religion at the start of her reign? Source: Quotation by Elizabeth I regarding her Religious Settlement (1559). There is but one Christ, Jesus, one faith. All else is a dispute over trifles… I have no desire to make windows into men’s souls.

Recap: what we know so far