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Healthful Body Weight

Healthful Body Weight. Chapter 11 "To lengthen thy life, lessen thy meals." -Benjamin Franklin USATODAY.com - Obesity alone puts heart in jeopardy. Quote of the Week If we could give every individual the right amount of

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Healthful Body Weight

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  1. Healthful Body Weight Chapter 11 "To lengthen thy life, lessen thy meals." -Benjamin Franklin USATODAY.com - Obesity alone puts heart in jeopardy

  2. Quote of the Week If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.-Hippocrates "Self delusion is pulling in your stomach when you step on the scales."

  3. Basal Metabolic Rate • Energy essential for life support • circulation • respiration • temperature maintenance • nerve transmission • kidney function, etc

  4. Factors Affecting BMR • Decrease: • aging • short and stout • fasting and starvation • female

  5. Factors Affecting BMR • Increase: • growth • lean body mass & tall • male • Fever, stress • pregnancy/lactation • increase in thyroxin

  6. Thermal Effect of Food • TEF = Thermal effect of food • Increased energy expenditure after a meal. • 5-10% of BMR • Cost of digestion, absorption, & assimilation of nutrients • Ex: 5% x 1320 = 60 Cal

  7. Total Energy • TE = BMR +TEF + Activities • Activities: Any voluntary activities • Sedentary 25-35% BMR • Light 35-50% • Moderate 50-70% • Heavy >70% • http://www.americaonthemove.org/ • USATODAY.com - Study: Obesity rises faster in poor teens

  8. TE Example • If BMR = 1200 • Then TEF x 0.1 = 120 • If Activity is moderate = 1200 x 0.5 = 600 • Then TE = BMR +TEF + Activity • TE = 1200 + 120 + 600 = 1920

  9. Energy Balance • When E (in) = E (out) • no weight change • When E (in) < E (out) • weight loss • When E (in) > E (out) • weight gain

  10. Energy (in) • Calories = heat 1 kg water by 1 degree C • Bomb Calorimeter

  11. ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

  12. Measurement of E (out) • Direct Calorimetry • measures heat directly • bomb calorimeter (for food) • room calorimeter • Indirect Caloroimetry • measures oxygen consumed or • carbon dioxide produced

  13. Whole Body Calorimeter

  14. Room Calorimeter

  15. Indirect Calorimetry

  16. Estimation of Energy Out • Example: 55kg male • BMR = 1 Cal/kg /hr • BMR = 55 x 1 x 24 = 1320 Cal/day • TEF =.05 x 1320 = 60 Cal • Act = .40 x 1320 = 530 Cal • TE = BMR + TEF + Act • 1910 = 1320 + 60 + 530

  17. Estimating Calorie Requirements • Mifflin-St.Jeor • Men: 10 x wt (kg) + 6.25 x ht (cm) –5 x age + 5 • Women: 10 x wt (kg) + 6.25 x ht (cm) –5 x age - 161

  18. Mifflin-St. Jeor • Woman: 5’6” tall, 130#; 30 years • Works as secretary • (10 x 59) + (6.25 x 167.7) – (5 x 30) – (161) = 1327 kcal

  19. Definitions • Underweight • Overweight • Obesity • Morbid obesity • Study: Super-sizing your food takes a hidden toll on your pocketbook

  20. Body Weight VS Body Fat • How to determine if weight is optimum? • Ideal Body Weight Determination • Males: 106 # for first 5 ft • Then 6 # per inch above 5 feet • eg: 6 ft individual 5ft= 106 # + (12x6) = 178# • so 178 + 10% is ideal body weight • Females: 100 # for first 5 ft • Then 5 # per inch above 5 ft

  21. Ways to determine Ideal Body Weight • Weight for Height Tables: • Metropolitan Life Insurance Table • Height & Weight Tables • Body Mass Index • Wt (kg)/ height (MxM) • or (weight (lb)/ height (in x in) )x 705 • eg 5’10” person weighing 150 # • BMI = (150/ (70 x70)) x 705 = 21.6 • compare to table

  22. BMI Classifications • BMI = 18.5-24.9; Normal; Low Risk • BMI = 25-29.9; Overweight; Some Risk • BMI = 30-35; Class 1 obesity; High Risk • BMI = 35-40; Class 2 obesity; Very High Risk • BMI> 40; Class 3 obesity; Extreme Risk • Body Mass Index Chart

  23. What do these men have in common? • They are “obese” by BMI standards • Is Your Weight Killing You?

  24. Changing Times • 'Miss America' Body Type Isn't American at All Reuters Health • Miss America pageant winners are thinner than ever before, and look nothing like the average US woman, new study findings suggest.

  25. Comparison of Methods (24 yo male, 5’10”, average frame) • 1. 5’ = 106 # + 6# x 10” =166 # • 2. Met life. 1999: 151-163, 1959:143-158# • 3. BMI. 18.5-24.9 = 127.6-173# • 4. US NCHS. 166# • 5. NAASO. 166# • 6. US Army. 185# • Range 127.6-185

  26. Other Methods of Determining Body Composition • Under water weighing (hydrostatic weighing) • Skinfold test • Bioelectrical impedance • Near Infrared Reactance • air displacement (Bod Pod) • Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

  27. Hydrostatic Weighing

  28. Skinfold Test

  29. Visceral Fat and Subcutaneous Fat

  30. Bio Electrical Impedance

  31. Near Infrared Reactance

  32. Bod Pod

  33. DEXA

  34. Body Fat

  35. Obesity • BMI > 30 • BW > 20% of standard • % body fat: women > 35%, men > 25% • Prevalence - 31% obese, 64% overweight • Blackwell Synergy: Nutr Bulletin, Vol 31, Issue 2, pp. 111-114: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (Abstract)

  36. Mystery of Obesity • Hunger • physiological • Appetite • learned • Satiety • GI track

  37. Causes for Obesity • Internal Causes • Genetic Inheritance • Leptin: a protein found that suppresses appetite in animals and increases metabolism • Overweight animals lack Leptin • Overweight people aren’t as responsive to Leptin as are normal weight people. Leptin is actually higher in overweight people than normal weight people • Leptin replacement therapy to fight obesity? • ABC News: Can Geneticists Cure Obesity?

  38. Genetically Obese: Lacks Gene for Leptin Genetically Obese: Lacks Gene for Leptin Receives Leptin No Leptin

  39. Thrifty Gene Theory • Thrifty metabolism • Conserve energy • No gene identified

  40. Set Point Theory • Body adjusts to low intake of Calories • Reduce metabolic rate • Conserves Calories

  41. Food Insecurity

  42. Obesity Trends

  43. Enzyme Theory • Lipoprotein Lipase • Picks up triglycerides from lipoproteins in the blood and stores it in fat cells • High activity of LPL associated with increased weight

  44. Gene vs Environment: Conclusions • Genes for weight gain predisposes some individuals towards weight gain • Environment determines which of those individuals actually gain weight • The Seattle Times: Food & wine: Super Bowl snack stats to whet your appetite

  45. Weight Gain • E (in) > E (out) • Which nutrient in excess causes weight gain? • How • CHO • Protein • Fat • Alcohol

  46. Feasting and Fasting, 1 of 3

  47. Weight Loss • E(in) < E (out) • The body’s response to fasting • glycogen and fat stores • body protein and fat stores • The body’s response to CHO restriction • Solution • decrease energy in • increase energy out • Nutrition Research - adherence to diet determines success

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