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OPEN ACCESS: What is it? Why should we have it? Where is it now?

OPEN ACCESS: What is it? Why should we have it? Where is it now?. Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK. Why researchers publish their work. Key Perspectives Ltd. ‘Old’ paradigms. Use of proxy measures of an individual scientist’s merit is as good as it gets

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OPEN ACCESS: What is it? Why should we have it? Where is it now?

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  1. OPEN ACCESS: What is it? Why should we have it? Where is it now? Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK

  2. Why researchers publish their work Key Perspectives Ltd

  3. ‘Old’ paradigms • Use of proxy measures of an individual scientist’s merit is as good as it gets • It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work • Printed article is the format of record • Other scientists have time to search out what you want them to know Key Perspectives Ltd

  4. ‘New’ paradigms • Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scientists • Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last) • The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas) • Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you Key Perspectives Ltd

  5. Open Access: What is it? • Online • Immediate • Free (non-restricted) • Free (gratis) • To the scholarly literature that authors give away • Permanent Key Perspectives Ltd

  6. Open Access: Who benefits? • Benefits to researchers themselves • Benefits to institutions • Benefits to national economies • Benefits to science and society Key Perspectives Ltd

  7. The digital era “The potential role of electronic networks in scientific publication … goes far beyond providing searchable archives for electronic journals. The whole process of scholarly communication is undergoing a revolution comparable to the one occasioned by the invention of printing.” Stevan Harnad, 1990 Key Perspectives Ltd

  8. And … Still only 15% of research is Open Access Key Perspectives Ltd

  9. New niches • Open Access journals (www.doaj.org) • Open Access repositories (author ‘self-archiving’) Key Perspectives Ltd

  10. Repositories: interoperable • Show their content in a specific form • Harvested by search engines • Form a database of global research • Freely available • Publicly available • Permanently available Key Perspectives Ltd

  11. Open Access repositories • circa 800 worldwide and growing at an average of 1 per day • 0 in Jordan (only 1 in the whole Middle East) • Open source software (e.g. EPrints from Southampton University) Key Perspectives Ltd

  12. Using repositories • UoC’s eScholarship repository logged 2 million downloads: • 2 years - 0.5m • 1 year – 1m • 9mths – 2m • 10K records at end 2005 • University of Otago Business School • Launched mid-November 2005 • 220 articles by mid-February 2006 • 20K downloads Key Perspectives Ltd

  13. And yet …. • Only 24% of authors have submitted an article to an Open Access journal • Only 22% have self-archived in their institutional repository • Natural selection or genetic drift? Key Perspectives Ltd

  14. Why we should have Open Access • Greater impact from scientific endeavour • More rapid and more efficient progress of science • Better assessment, better monitoring, better management of science • Novel information-creation using new and advanced technologies Key Perspectives Ltd

  15. Why researchers publish their work Key Perspectives Ltd

  16. “Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.” An author’s own testimony on open access visibility Key Perspectives Ltd

  17. Open Access increases citations Range = 50%-200% (Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers) Key Perspectives Ltd

  18. Open access increases citations (other studies) • Lawrence 2001 (computer science) • Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) • Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) • Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics, electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics) • Eysenbach 2006 (biomedicine) Key Perspectives Ltd

  19. Lost citations, lost impact • Only around 15% of research is Open Access…. • ….. so 85% is not • ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%) Key Perspectives Ltd

  20. National economies National economies • Jordanian scientists:1708 articlesin 2004/5 • Number of citations:2235 • If all had been OA, there would have been (42.5% more)3185 citations • Since the Jordanian Government invested$200 millionin S&T in 2004/5 ….. • This means lost impact worth$85 millionto the Jordanian economy • Jordanian scientists: 1708 articles in 2004/5 • Number of citations: 2235 • If all had been OA, there would have been (42.5% more) 3185 citations • Since the Jordanian Government invested $200 million in S&T in 2004/5 ….. • This means lost impact worth $85 million to the Jordanian economy Key Perspectives Ltd

  21. Science is faster, more efficient Key Perspectives Ltd

  22. Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively • Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis • Track trends: growth, latency, longevity • Identify hubs and authorities • Identify silent, ‘unsung’ contributors • Predict impact, directions • Manage, assess scientific programmes to the benefit of our societies Key Perspectives Ltd

  23. Find a researcher ….. Key Perspectives Ltd

  24. Track citation history Key Perspectives Ltd

  25. Follow the citing trail … Key Perspectives Ltd

  26. Follow the citing trail … Key Perspectives Ltd

  27. New knowledge from old • Text-mining and data-mining technologies • UK: National Text-Mining Centre • The Grid / e-research / cyberresearch • Example: NeuroCommons (www.neurocommons.org) Key Perspectives Ltd

  28. Where is Open Access now? Key Perspectives Ltd

  29. Key Perspectives Ltd

  30. Average number of articles in an institutional repository … 297! Key Perspectives Ltd

  31. Publisher permissions (by journal) Key Perspectives Ltd

  32. Publisher permissions • 92% of journals permit self-archiving • SHERPA/RoMEO list at: www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php • Or at: http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php Key Perspectives Ltd

  33. Other reasons • Time • Average ‘a few minutes’ • Estimated 40 minutes per year • Difficulty • ‘Very easy or easy’ Key Perspectives Ltd

  34. Author readiness to comply with a mandate 5% 14% 81% Key Perspectives Ltd

  35. Institutions with a mandate already • University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already) • CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) • Queensland University of Technology (2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) • University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Key Perspectives Ltd

  36. (Data courtesy of Arthur Sale) Key Perspectives Ltd

  37. Developments on mandating • Wellcome Trust • NIH • RCUK • CURES Act (USA) • FRPAA (USA) • National Institute of Technology, India • Universities in UK and Australia Key Perspectives Ltd

  38. Why we should have Open Access • Greater impact from scientific endeavour • More rapid and more efficient progress of science • Better assessment, better monitoring, better management of science • Novel information-creation using new and advanced technologies Key Perspectives Ltd

  39. شكرا Thank you for listening! Shokran aswan@keyperspectives.co.uk www.keyperspectives.co.uk Key Perspectives Ltd

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