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System Software

System Software. BIOS. Basic Input Output System A kind of ROM Execute routines Checking RAM, detecting hard disk, floppy disk, CDROM, … etc. Cold Boot. Restart the system Press the reset button, power on the system Run the routines in BIOS Load the Operating System (OS) to RAM

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System Software

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  1. System Software

  2. BIOS • Basic Input Output System • A kind of ROM • Execute routines Checking RAM, detecting hard disk, floppy disk, CDROM, …etc

  3. Cold Boot • Restart the system • Press the reset button, power on the system • Run the routines in BIOS • Load the Operating System (OS) to RAM • Pass the control to OS if found • An error message ‘Non-system disk’ will be displayed if OS cannot be found in hard disk, floppy or CDROM.

  4. Warm Boot • Another way to restart the system • Press the Ctrl-Alt-Del keys, no need to power on or reset the system • Do not need to run the BIOS routines • Some start up processes have to be reloaded • Reset the system resources such as RAM • Usually needed when running out of memory, system is unstable or after installation of new application software

  5. Operating System • Act as the interface between Users(Application software) and hardware • Provide an environment for the user to develop and execute program without knowing the details of hardware • User do not need to control the hardware directly, just call the routines in OS • Such as displaying text on screen, reading characters from keyboard, getting the position of mouse.

  6. Functions of OS • Execution of program (Process management) • Memory management • File management (File read/write) • Input and Output Devices Control • Error handling • Scheduling of jobs • Allocate the system resources

  7. Examples of OS • DOS – Disk Operating System • Windows family such as XP, 2000, NT, CE • Linux • Unix • Mac OS • IBM OS/2

  8. DOS (1) • A command line interpreter • All the commands recognized are stored in the file COMMAND.COM • Can execute files with file extension .com, .exe and .bat • Can access 1MB memory by default

  9. DOS (2) –memory management • In order to run memory above 1MB, need extended memory or expanded memory • To use extended memory (XMS), need to install HIMEM.SYS in the CONFIG.SYS file • To use expanded memory (EMS), need to install EMM386.EXE in the CONFIG.SYS file

  10. DOS (3) - Interrupt • Interrupt – a signal to tell the CPU to stop the current process, handle the outside request first, resume the process after fulfilling the request. E.g. saving a file to disk, printing a file, usually I/O request • Interrupt Vector Table – located in memory, use to store the addresses of the Interrupt Handlers. • Interrupt Handler – programs to handle the interrupts.

  11. DOS (4) – File Management • File Allocation Table (FAT) • Similar to a content page of a book • Store the physical location(addresses) of files and directories in disk • The disk become useless if FAT is corrupted, files stored cannot be retrieved • The disk need to format again but all the files will be erased

  12. DOS (4) - continue • DOS format disk to tracks and sectors • Sectors are grouped to a logical unit, clusters • The size of cluster varies with the size of hard disk • File names are in 8.3 format. 8 for file name, 3 for file extension (see p.29). e.g. abcdefgh.xyz

  13. DOS (5) –adding new hardware • Device driver programs are needed whenever a new hardware is installed e.g. a printer driver, a scanner driver, a VGA driver • The OS does not support the installation of new driver • The new hardware have to configure manually

  14. Windows (1) • Members include, windows 3.0, 3.1, 3.11, 95, 98, NT, Me, 2000, XP • Windows 98, Me, XP home edition are for personal use • Windows NT workstation, Windows 2000 professional, XP professional are for business purpose • Windows NT server, 2000 server and XP server are for server purpose

  15. Windows (2) • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Multitasking – can execute many programs at the same time. It divides the CPU time into small units called time-slices and allocates to different programs. • Multi-user - server versions such as NT and 2000 can support multi-user processing. The time-slice technology is used to share the CPU time between different users. It is called Time-Sharing operating mode.

  16. Windows (3)– memory management • It use virtual memory concept. • Apart from the on-board memory RAM, it can use the free space on hard disk as the virtual memory, therefore applications that need a lot of system memory can be run at the same time.

  17. Windows (4) – File system • It can use FAT32, FAT16 and NTFS filing system • FAT16 is used for backward compatibility with DOS • FAT32 is used for windows 95 and 98 • NTFS is used for windows NT, 2000 and XP, which is more secure and efficient than FAT filing system.

  18. Windows (5) –Adding new hardware • Support plug-n-play installation • When adding new hardware, common devices can be detected, drivers are loaded automatically • No need to configure the hardware manually

  19. Linux • Derived from UNIX • Command line interface • Can install X-windows for GUI interface, two common shells are KDE and Gnome • Commonly used in Servers, because of built-in network support, security, stability and minimal hardware requirement

  20. Operation with file system-in windows • Using Window Explorer – a hierarchical file system • Creating and moving directories (folders) • Copying, moving, renaming and deleting files • Allow long filenames up to 255 characters • Support file extensions, which can associate the corresponding application

  21. File Attributes • Read Only – file cannot be modified • Hidden – file name does not display • Archive – for backup purpose • System – system file, vital for the system, usually hidden • To change the file attributes – go to Options, View menu

  22. Batch file • A text file with .bat extension • Consists of a sequence of commands or programs to be executed one by one when the batch file is executed. • Usually run in DOS mode • Refer to p.29 and p.58 for details

  23. DOS commands (1) • dir – listing files in current directory • dir/w – listing files in wide format • dir/p – listing files by page • md x – make directory x • rd x – remove directory x • cd x – change to the directory x • cd .. – change to the parent directory • copy f1 f2 – copy f1 to f2 • del f1 – delete file f1 • cls – clear the screen

  24. DOS Commands (2) • echo <text> – display the text on screen • echo on – display the command it executes on screen • echo off – do not display the commands it executes • @echo off – suppress the display of first command ‘echo off’

  25. DOS commands (3) • chkdsk C: - check error for drive C: • format A: - format the disk in drive A: • xcopy s d – copy all files in source directory to destination directory • deltree x – remove all contents under the directory x

  26. System Utility Programs • Backup utility – for backup and restore files • Notepad – for editing text • WordPad – for editing text with some formatting features • Calculator • Paint – for drawing bitmap graphics • Disk defragmenter – to rearrange the files in hard disk, to reduce the access time • ScanDisk – to scan the hard disk for errors, repair for bad sectors

  27. Installation of System Software • Check the hardware requirement • Create a boot disk with CDROM driver if the system software is stored in CD • Phases in installation • Format the hard disk • Copy files from CD-ROM, to speed up the process • Decompress the files in correct folders • Detection of hardware and installation of drivers • Registration of software and connection to Internet for more support (e.g. on-line user manual)

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