US History:

1. US History: The Roaring 20’s Chapter 16 Notes

2. Bolshevik Revolution: • Russia 1917 • Overthrow Czar Nicholas II • Bolsheviks – “The Majority” • Led by Vladimir Lenin • Sets up Communism • Moscow – 1919 – Advocated Worldwide Revolution to overthrow all capitalist system

3. Red Scare: • 70,000 Americans join the Communist Party • Small % but scared the American people • Several mail bombs sent to Government and business leaders • Mitchell Palmer (Attorney General) • Takes Action

5. Palmer Raids: • Appoints J. Edgar Hoover • Head of newly formed FBI • Agents sent to hunt down communists and socialists • Ran over civil liberties to jail and deport suspects

6. Sacco and Vansetti • Italian Immigrants (Shoemaker and fish peddler) • Anarchists who had evaded the draft • Tried and convicted (wrongly) of murder • Executed – Electric Chair

7. Klu Klux Klan: • Revived in 1915 • 1924 – 4.5 million members • Average people who felt threatened by changes in the world: • Immigration • Changes in morals • Use of violence to force compliance

8. President Harding: • Election of 1920 • From Marian, Ohio • Klan connections

9. Harding’s Cabinet • Charles Even Hughes: Secretary of State • Herbert Hoover: Secretary of Commerce • Andrew Melon: Secretary of Treasury • Ohio Gang: • President’s rowdy poker playing friends • Albert B. Fall – Interior Secretary

10. Scandals • Harding’s friend embezzled funds from the US Government • Teapot Dome Scandal

11. Teapot Dome Scandal: • Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California (oil rich lands set aside during the Progressive Era) • Albert Falls transferred the Oil reserves to his department • Set up secret deal with 2 oil companies • Received $325,000 in bonds and stocks with those companies (ranches and cattle)

12. Harding Travels to Alaska: • Comes home sick • Dies in 1923 of an aneurism

13. The Business of America • Impact of the Automobile: • Construction of paved roads • Houses built garages (smaller yards) • Gasoline stations, repair shops, motels, shopping centers • Increased mobility: Rural families, family vacations • Urban Sprawl – Live in the country and drive to work in the city

14. Business of America: • Superficial Prosperity: • US Manufacturing booming • Railroad, mining, iron, and farming not doing well • Buying Goods on Credit: • Installment Plan: Buy goods over an extended period of time • Pushed people and industry too thin

15. Changing Ways of Life: • Urban Scene: • Cities grow into mega cities (1 million or more) • Impersonal and frightening • Entertainment Opportunities • Widening gap between Rural and Urban life

16. Prohibition: 18th Amendment • 1920 – Government did not have the men or money to enforce the new law • Speakeasies – Underground nightclubs • Sold liquor illegally • Bootleggers – People who smuggled liquor into the US • Made a business out of evading the law

17. Prohibition: Organized Crime • Caused by a general disrespect for the law • Large quantities of money going into illegal businesses • Al Capone – Head of Chicago Liquor Business • $60 million a year

18. Science and Religion: • The Scopes Monkey Trial: • Tennessee passed laws making teaching evolution illegal • ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union • Promised to defend any teacher who taught evolution • John T. Scopes: Biology Teacher taken to trial • Clarence Darrow – Defense Attorney • William Jennings Bryan – 3 time Dem. Pres Candidate – Prosecutor • Scopes found guilty – law upheld

20. Women in the 1920’s • New Ideal: The Flapper • Emancipated young women who embraced new fashion and urban ideas and culture • Most women were NOT flappers • The Double Standard – A set a principles granting men more sexual freedom than women • Start of casual dating

21. Women’s Work Opportunities: • Professions – College graduates • Teachers, nurses, librarians, social workers • Secretaries – Increased demand with growing businesses • Still not equal in the work force

22. Education and Culture: • Formation of the modern High School • Radio: • Opened the word to the common American • 1930 – 40% of all households had a radio

23. American Heroes: • Babe Ruth – Baseball • Jack Dempsey – Boxing • Red Grange – “Galloping Ghost” • Football – Illinois • Charles Lindberg: • First transatlantic flight (New York to Paris) • “Spirit of Saint Louis” Airplane

24. American Heroes: • Movies: • Charlie Chaplin • The Jazz Singer – 1st movie with sound • Steamboat Willie – Disney – 1st cartoon with sound – (Mickey Mouse)

26. American Heroes: • Music: • George Gershwin – American Jazz pianists • Writers: • F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby • Ernest Hemingway – A Farwell to Arms • Criticized war • Sinclair Lewis – Main Street and Babbitt • First American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature

27. Harlem Renaissance: • The Great Migration: Move North to Industrial towns • NAACP: • W.E.B. Dubois – Protest violence against blacks • James Weldon Johnson – Protect African American rights through legislation

28. Harlem Renaissance: • Marcus Garvey – Starts the UNIA – Universal Negro Improvement Association • Africans needed an independent country • He would be the kind of this new country • Legacy: • Black Pride • Economic Independence Movement • Reverence for African Roots

29. Harlem Renaissance: • Writers: • Claude McKay – Militant Poetry • Urged blacks to resist prejudice • Langston Hughes – Poet • Described the difficulty of African American lives • Jazz Era: • Louis Armstrong • Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington • Bessie Smith