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Limba Sarda Comuna and the traditional varieties of Sardinian

Limba Sarda Comuna and the traditional varieties of Sardinian. Roberto Bolognesi (University of Amsterdam) Computational analysis by Wilbert Heeringa ( Meertens Instituut ).

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Limba Sarda Comuna and the traditional varieties of Sardinian

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  1. LimbaSardaComunaand the traditional varieties of Sardinian Roberto Bolognesi (University of Amsterdam) Computational analysis by Wilbert Heeringa (MeertensInstituut)

  2. Sardinian language, Sardinian Sardo,  Romance language spoken on the Italian-ruled island of Sardinia; it is most similar to Vulgar Latin of all the modern Romance languages. Major dialects of Sardinian are Logudorian, spoken in central Sardinia; Campidanian, spoken in the south; Sassarian, spoken in the northwest; and Gallurian, spoken in the northeast. There is no standard form of Sardinian except the Sardoillustre, a literary language used mostly for folk verse, based on the Logudorian dialect. Italian is the official language of the island, and literature in Sardinian is virtually nonexistent. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524166/Sardinian-language Sardegnafratantelingue (Bolognese & Heeringa, 2005) http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/index.php?xsl=626&id=296882

  3. 1999: first standardization committee: centre-left regional government 2000: confirmation of the first standardization committee: centre-right regional government Result: LSU (classical standard: rejected) 2006: second standardization committee: centre-left regional government Result: LSC (no official standard; free lexicon)

  4. LimbaSardaComuna(common Sardinian) LSC is the language adopted by the Sardinian Regional Government for its own documents addressing the public. Strictly speaking, LSC is NOT standard Sardinian

  5. Political conditions posed to the committee 1-to-1 correspondence between phones and graphemes(“natural spelling”) Linguistic centrality

  6. Criticisms against LSC “Cosa buona e lodevole […], se non fosse che per un parlante nativo di Mogoro la Limba Sarda Comuna non è altro che un puro e semplice logudorese, in pratica più estraneo dell'italiano a un marmillese di oggi, specialmente se scritto. Giulio Angioni:http://www.altravoce.net/2007/03/25/preoccuparsi.html “Sa limba non si fa in ufficio, quindi morirà: «È una lingua fatta in laboratorio e non entrerà mai nell’uso corrente […] Dovrebbe avere «le caratteristiche di una varietà linguistica naturale» .” Paolo Pillonca: il Sardegna 19 aprile 2005

  7. [LSC] is a good and praiseworthy thing, if it were not for the fact that, for a native speaker of Mogoro Sardinian, it is nothing more than plain Logudorese, for all purposes more alien than Italian to a contemporary Marmillese, specially if written. You cannot make Sardinian in an office, so it will die: “It is a laboratory language and it will not achieve common use”. […] It should have the features of a”natural language variety.”

  8. The first criticism can be translated as follows: “If LSC is not “campidanese”, it has to be “logudorese”!” The second criticism can be translated as follows: “If LSC is not a traditional variety, it has to be artificial!”

  9. But is Sardinian divided in two? LSC contains elements of both southern and northern dialects

  10. “di fronte al logudorese, il quale è spezzettato in tante varietà dialettali, il campidanese ha il vantaggio di una maggiore unità e uniformità” (Wagner, 1951:56). "La percezione tradizionale dei dialetti sardi viene registrata nel Settecento dal naturalista Francesco Cetti nell'introduzione ai Quadrupedi di Sardegna [1774, ora in Cetti 2000: 70]. […]. Per Cetti il complesso linguistico sardo si divide nel dialetto del Capo di Sopra (detto anche Capo di Sassari) e in quello del Capo di Sotto (o del Capo di Cagliari), cioè il campidanese in senso lato. Egli fornisce anche le principali 'isoglosse' in base alle quali si operano (tradizionalmente?) tali distinzioni: l'articolo determinativo plurale is del campidanese è indifferente ai generi, mentre i dialetti del Capo di sopra oppongono sos~sas; in secondo luogo, alla desinenza -ai dell'infinito campidanese corrisponde -are nel Capo di sopra; a queste differenze se ne potrebbero aggiungere altre "di parole, e di pronunzia" [per altre annotazioni fatte dal Cetti 'linguista' v. Lőrinczi 1993, ma soprattutto il Cetti stesso, recentemente ripubblicato]". http://people.unica.it/mlorinczi/files/2007/04/5-sappada2000-2001.pdf

  11. “Compared to Logudorese, which is divided in so many local varieties, Campidanese has the advantage of a greater unity and uniformity” (Wagner, 1951:56).

  12. “The traditionalperceptionofSardiniandialectsisrecorded in the 18th centuryby the naturalscientist Francesco Cetti in the introductiontoQuadrupedsofSardinia [1774, now in Cetti 2000: 70]. […]. AccordingtoCetti the Sardinialinguistic area isdividedinto the dialectof Capo di Sopra (Upper-headSardinian) and intothatof Capo di Sotto (Lower-headSardinian), thatisCampidanese, in a broadersense. Hegivesalso the main 'isoglosses' on the base ofwhichsuchdistinctions are (traditionally?) made: the pluralarticleisofcampidaneseisindifferentto gender, while the dialectsof Capo di sopra oppose sos~sas; moreover, to the desinence-aiof the campidanese infinitive corrisponds-are in Capo di sopra; tothesedifferencesothers can beaddedconsistingof “words and ofpronunciation." http://people.unica.it/mlorinczi/files/2007/04/5-sappada2000-2001.pdf

  13. “[...] onde in luogo medesimo si trova chi si ascrive al Capo di sopra, e chi a quel di sotto.” • “[...] therefore in the sameplaceone can findthosewhoascribethemselvesto Capo di sopra, and thosewhoto the samewithCapo di sotto.”

  14. “E’ inoltre rilevante che l’argomento di tale domanda si colloca ad un livello tassonomico basso: la domanda, cioè, teneva conto del fatto che i parlanti delle varietà locali non hanno e non possono (ancora) avere una diffusa consapevolezza (colta, dotta) dell’appartenenza del sardo, se preso complessivamente, ad un livello tassonomico corrispondente a un diasistema o ad una macrolingua (il sardo, per il momento, è e va considerato una macrolingua); quanto meno tale consapevolezza risulta essere labile. Secondo quanto precisava Anna Oppo durante la nostra conversazione, persino le etichette della classi «campidanese», «logudorese» ecc. (che sono taxa intermedi riconosciuti scientificamente come tali) erano scarsamente applicabili al livello di consapevolezza dei parlanti, i quali spesso preferivano usare glottonimi o circonlocuzioni glottonimiche relativi alla stretta arealità locale (regione storica, località). Ciò si collegava alla ridotta familiarità dei soggetti intervistati con le tematiche di politica linguistica.” (http://people.unica.it/mlorinczi/files/2011/05/Lorinczi-Valencia.pdf)

  15. “…even the labelsof the classes «campidanese», «logudorese» ecc. (which are intermediate taxascientificallyrecognizedassuch) werescarcelyapplicableto the levelofconsciousnessof the speakers, whooftenprefered the useofglottonyms o glottonymiccirconlocutionsconcerningstrictlylocaldialects (historicalregion , specificplace). Thiswasrelatedto the reducedfamiliarityof the interviewedindividualswith the issuesoflinguistic policy.”

  16. Computational dialectologyhttp://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/ 200 randomly selected words 77 dialects + LSC Levenstein distance between the words the data: http://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/sardegna/

  17. The dialects

  18. Quantitative Dialectological Map (Bolognesi & Heeringa, 2005)

  19. Relations between dialects

  20. Qualitative Dialectological Map (Contini, 1987)

  21. Quantitative Dialectological Map

  22. Multidimensional Scaling

  23. 5 varieties of Sardinian?

  24. 8 varieties of Sardinian?

  25. 12 varieties of Sardinian?

  26. 20 varieties of Sardinian?

  27. Quantitative Dialectological Map

  28. 1 Atzara 19,24% 2 Gesturi 19,64% 3 Teulada 19,68% 4 Escolca 19,73% 5 Samassi 19,77% 6 Burcei 19,83% 7 Furtei 19,99% 8 Quartu Sant'Elena 20,03% 9 Setzu 20,17% 10 Nurri 20,19% 11 Abbasanta 20,20% Most representative varieties of Sardinian

  29. Multidimensional Scaling

  30. Gesturi/San Giovanni Suergiu(mostdistantsoutherndialects): 14,23%. Numberofsoutherndialects: 37 of 77. 16 ofthem show a distanceofless than10% and the other 20 do notreach 15%. Atzara is the geographical and linguistic centre of Sardinia The distance between Atzara e Abbasanta is already 10,57% The furthestdialectfromAtzarais Sant'Antioco with a distanceof 25,74%, whileOruneexhibits23,37%.

  31. 77 Orune 28,40% 76 Bitti 27,68% 75 Orani 26,71% 74 Orgosolo 26,60% 73 Fonni 25,95% 72 Ollolai 25,38% 71 Lodé 25,36 70 Nuoro 24,49% 69 Siniscola 24,14% 68 Luras 23,23% 67 Torpe 23,21% 66 San Giovanni Suergiu 22,91% 65 Sant'Antioco 22,61% 64 Nule 22,42% 63 Nughedu San Nicolo 22,40% 62 Narcao 22,38% 61 Berchidda 22,35% 60 Illorai 22,28% Least representative varieties of Sardinian

  32. Multidimensional Scaling, including LSC

  33. The relation between LSC and the traditional varieties of Sardinian

  34. 1 Abbasanta 9,97% 2 Sedilo 11,35% 3 Ghilarza 11,50% 4 Atzara 11,94% 5 Pattada 12,11% 6 Budduso 12,59% 7 Bono 13,10% 8 Oschiri 13,11% 9 Romana 13,14% 10 Bortigali 13,27% 11 Scano Montiferro 13,27% 12 Borore 13,41% 13 Ozieri 13,50% 14 Nughedu San Nicolo 13,50% 15 Olmedo 13,59% Distances between LSC and other varieties

  35. The closestsoutherndialect: Gesturi 22,80% The furthestnortherndialect: Orune 22,04% • The furthestsoutherndialect: S. Giovanni Suergiu28,20%

  36. variety vowelreduction obstruentlenition “Campidanesu” + + “Nugoresu” - - “Logudoresu” - + Definition of the varieties from a phonological point of vieuw

  37. 1 Atzara 15,47 2 LSC 15,71 3 Teulada 16,04 16,05 4 Abbasanta 5 Gesturi 16,23 Most representative varieties, excluding the lexicon

  38. How many varieties of Sardinian?

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