Prehistoric life to civilizations

1. Prehistoric life to civilizations Technology brings change

2. Lifestyle of Old Stone Age • Hunter Gatherers • Nomadic lifestyle- moved with food • Made tools to make hunting easier. • Spears and shovels helped improve the life of the hunter gatherer. • As more hunter gathers made more tools, life became easier, so naturally the made more tools. • Evidence has been found showing over 100 different tools made by Cro-Magnon man. • Even made sewing needles. • Tools helped make hunting and gathering easier for thousands of years. • Clans of 25 to 70 people lived together hunting and gathering • Its believed that men did most of the hunting and women did most of the gathering.

3. Art in the Old Stone Age • Tools tell us a lot about the people, but we can really understand their culture and world through art. • Necklaces of shells, animal teeth, and claws • Mammoth tusk beads • Small carved statues of animals of the time • Cave paintings • Told stories of hunts, family, and animals through art. • Painted with charcoal, mud, and blood. • Also carved in the rocks or wood

4. Agricultural Revolution • Its believed about 10,000 years ago, some women were gathering some plants, and they scattered remaining seeds near where they camped. • When they returned the next year they may have found new crops growing. • This could have been the possible beginning of farming. • Its believed that this discovery would change the way people lived forever and its called the Neolithic Revolution • Also known as the agricultural revolution • Far reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming. • This would be one of the most significant events in human history

5. Why did it take so long? • Scientists don’t know.. • Change in climate? • Temperatures were rising creating a longer growing season. • Grain was growing naturally really well which opened it up to support larger populations • As population increased hunters would feel the pressure to find new food sources • Farming is a steady food source, where hunting isn’t.

6. Early Farming Methods • Slash and Burn • Cut trees or grasses to clear a field, the ash fertilizes the soil, farmers then use the fields until the soil wont produce any more, than they move and burn a new field. • Herding • Tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. • Corralled animals into enclosures than use them and tame them

7. Impacts of the Neolithic Revolution • Clans able to remain in one location • Nomadic lifestyle decreases • Villages are born • Population Grows • Surplus means the ability to support a larger population • Specialization • When people don’t have to hunt and gather they have more time to do other things • May become a brick maker, or sculptor, etc.

8. Jarmo • Located in the Zagros mountains of Iraq agricultural revolution lead to one of the earliest farming settlements • 9,000 years old • Found farming tools, and milling stones • Found grain storage pits. • Paints a picture of people learning how to farm, and experimenting with a new lifestyle.

9. Not Unique • Jarmo was not the only village playing with farming • Around the same time, all over the world Neolithic people were independently developed agriculture. • Africa • Nile River people were turning into the agricultural center for wheat, barley, and more • China • about 8,000 years ago, along the Huang He (yellow river) Neolithic people farmed millet. About 1,000 years later, started to domesticate wild rice. • Mexico and Central America • Corn, Beans, and Squash were being cultivated • Peru • Farmers were first to grow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes

10. First Farming villages • CatalHuyuk • In 1958 archaeologists discovered the agricultural village in present day Turkey • Reached its peak about 8,000 years ago • Village of about 1,000 houses, covering 32 acres • Population estimates 5,000 -6,000 • Well laid out cities • Skilled laborers developed • Stone carvers, obsidian jewelry and statues. • Religion developed • Shrines to a mother goddess who controlled grain supply • Problems with villages • Natural disasters have bigger impact, diseases spread more, and jealous neighbors may attack.

11. From Villages to Cities • As agriculture improved, villages grew larger bringing with them the challenges of city life • Economic Changes • As crops grew, so did specialization • Skilled laborers became traders and profited based on their ability • Social Changes • Wealthy individuals started to grow and gain power in cities • Social relationships became more difficult • Social classes naturally developed. • Specialized workers made more, and more wealth set people apart from poor, and social class structures grew along with cities. • Religious Changes • More organized, • Framing brought on new gods, who controlled rain, wind, and forces of nature. • Building of religious traditions

12. What defines a Civilization? • What do you think it takes to turn a village into a civilization? • A complex culture with 5 characteristics • Advanced cities • Specialized workers • Complex Institutions • Record keeping • Advanced Technology

13. Advanced Cities • Population is only part of an advanced city. • An advanced city is the center of trade for a larger area • Farmers, Traders, and Merchants from all around need to bring goods into the markets of the cities. • City dwellers also produce large amounts of goods for trade.

14. Specialized Workers • As cities grow, so does the need for specialized workers. • Specialization • The development of skills in a specific kind of work. • Traders, officials, priests, artisans, brick maker, ditch digger, planter, harvester, jewelry maker. Etc. • Made possible through a surplus of food. • Helped cities become a center for trade.

15. Complex Institutions • Institutions – a long-lasting pattern of organization in the community, include government, religion, and the economy. • Large increases in populations lead to a need for government, or a ruling system, necessary. • Leaders emerged to maintain order among the people and establish laws. • Religion also became more formal, temples were built, priests became more prominent,

16. Record Keeping • Civilization and large populations requires record keeping • Government officials keep track of population, production, taxes, and laws, and food supplies. • Priests keep track of time, dates, religious ceremonies • Merchants keep records of debts and credits • Examples: • Mayan calendar • Incan Quipu • System of writing • Scribes • Writing events stories and events

17. Improved Technology • New tools and technology need to develop • Improving the way you live by making changes to what has already been developed. • Irrigation improvement • Plows and farming equipment improved • Better pottery, jugs, storage containers • Weapons • Working in metals • Sumerians start using bronze.

18. Development of Civilization • Scientists believe that one of the first civilizations was located in Sumer. • Sumer was located in Mesopotamia, a region that is part of modern day Iraq. • It was one of the earliest settlements that had all 5 of the requirements of civilization.