LITERATURE REVIEW IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH

1. LITERATURE REVIEW IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH BEING A WORKSHOP PRESENTATION FOR CAPACITY BUILDING TO PG STUDENTS By Dr. Muhammad I. Bello Department of Geography Faculty of Social Sciences UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI March 28th, 2019

2. PURPOSEFUL READING OR PURPOSEFUL WASTING TIME Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

3. SUCCESS IN STUDY Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

4. WHAT IS LITERATURE IN RESEARCH • Any written material that has relevant piece of information for your research is known as LITERATURE. • Broadly classified as Published and Unpublished Literature. • Examples: Text books, Journals, Monographs, Articles, Reviews, Newsletters, Magazines, Newspapers, Thesis, Dissertations/Projects, Reports, Circulars, Files, Records, The Internet etc. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

5. PURPOSES OF REVIEWING LITERATURE Literature review is a summary/graphical indicator of the researcher’s extent of readership. Literature are reviewed for many reasons which include the following: • Refinement of the researchers’ initial idea of the problem and the solution he/she intend researching. • To know how significant the problem is in the field. • To study the methodology earlier used or suggested to solving the problem at hand. • Know to what extent earlier researchers have attempted to solve the problem.( Aboaba, A. , 2017). Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

6. Purposes for Writing a Literature Review • Conducting a literature review is a means of demonstrating an author’s knowledge about a particular field of study, including vocabulary, theories, key variables and phenomena, and its methods and history. • Conducting a literature review also informs the student of the influential researchers and research groups in the field. Finally, with some modification, the literature review is a “legitimate and publishable scholarly document” (LeCompte & Colleagues, 2003, p. 124). • Bootesand Beile (2005) have created a five-category rubric for evaluating a literature review. The categories are coverage, synthesis, methodology, significance, and rhetoric. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

7. Purposes of Literature Review cont. • “The review of the literature provides the background and context for the research problem. It should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the area” (Wiersma, 1995, p. 406). • The literature review accomplishes several important things. • It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990). • It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Marshall & Rossman, 1989). • It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study, as well as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings. • It “frames” the problem earlier identified. • Demonstrate to the reader that you have a comprehensive grasp of the field and are aware of important recent substantive and methodological developments. • Delineate the “jumping-off place” for your study. How will your study refine, revise, or extend what is now known? • Avoid statements that imply that little has been done in the area or that what has been done is too extensive to permit easy summary. Statements of this sort are usually taken as indications that the writer is not really familiar with the literature. • In a proposal, the literature review is generally brief and to the point. Be judicious in your choice of exemplars—the literature selected should be pertinent and relevant (APA, 2001). Select and reference only the more appropriate citations. Make key points clearly and succinctly. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

8. Apart from the above reasons for writing a review (i.e., proof of knowledge, a publishable document, and the identification of a research family), the scientific reasons for conducting a literature review are many. Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) argue that the literature review plays a role in: • delimiting the research problem, • seeking new lines of inquiry, • avoiding fruitless approaches, • gaining methodological insights, • identifying recommendations for further research, and • seeking support for grounded theory. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

9. APPROACHING LIT REVIEW • The articles for review must be relevant to the problem area. • Mostly focus on research Journal Publications and review papers (High Impact Factor). • Little Conference Proceedings & Text books. • Must be current except where necessary (5 years back e.g 2019-2015). • Must be Comprehensive to the field of study. • Must be Critical from start to end. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

10. COMPREHENSIVE LIT REVIEW • Should be comprehensive in terms of number but commensurate to level of researcher. • Should touch on all aspects of the problem. • Should addresswell-known journals in the problem area. • Should not exceed 5 years from the time of review. • Construct a META ANALYSIS table that has columns as: FOCUS, METHOD, METRICS, STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, AND REMARKS Tips: Most of the information required in comprehensive LR are found in the following section of a journal / an article: Abstract Introduction Summary Conclusion / Recommendation / Future Work, Results/Discussion of Results. (Aboaba, 2017) Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

11. META TABLE FOR LIT REVIEW Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

12. Citation of References • Any reference must be cited in the text and also at the end of the text in the list of the references so that the reader can locate the source of the information. • References cited in the text are refered to as In- text citation or Embedded citation. • References cited at the end of the text are refered to as End of text citation. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

13. In-Text Citation • References cited in the text. • In-text citation rules have been divided into two forms: • Quotation : is when you used somebody idea/work in his exact words. • Summarize/Paraphrase : is when you used somebody idea/work in your own words. • Quotation and Summarize/Paraphrase ideas have different guidelines for in-text citation. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

14. Guidelines of In-text Citation for Summarized/Paraphrased ideas • The use of ideas of others in your own words in your own work. • Cite the authors last name, followed by Date of Publication in parenthesis. Example: Abdul (2016) reveals that Unimaid is the best University in Nigeria. OR Unimaid is the best University in Nigeria (Abdul, 2016). Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

15. Format of Writing Authors Name in In-text Citation at the Beginning of Sentence For 1 Author: • Include authors Last name • fallowed by date of publication in parenthesis. Example: Abuna (2014) stated... • For 2 Authors: • Include the last name of both authors • Connect the names by the word and • followed by year of publication in parenthesis. Example: Abuna and Kolo (2014) stated……. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

16. Format Of Writing Authors Name in In-text Citation at the Beginning of Sentence • For 3-5 authors: • Include the last name of all the authors • Separate the names by comma • Connect the last author with the word and • followed by year of publication in parenthesis. Example: Abu, Bana, and Nasir (2013) stated… • For 6 or more authors: • Use the last name of the first author • followed by the word et al. (full stop) • followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. Example: Abu et al. (2013) stated…….... Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

17. Format of Writing Authors Name in In-text Citation at the End of Sentence • For 1 author: use parenthesis to • Include authors Last name, • followed by a comma • date of publication. Example: ………………….. (Aisa,2015). • For 2 authors: use parenthesis ( ) • Include the last name of both authors. • Connect the names by ampersand (&) instead of and. Then comma and year of publication. Example: ……………...(Aisa & Anne, 2015). Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

18. Format of writing authors name in In-text citation at the end of sentence • For 3-5 authors: use parenthesis ( ) • Include the last name of all authors. • Separate the names by comma. • Connect the last author with ampersand (&) instead of and. Comma and year of publication Example: ………(Abu, Bana, & Nasir, 2013). • For 6 or more authors: use parenthesis • Include the last name of the first author • Followed by et al. (full stop). • Comma and the year of publication . Example: ………….. (Abu et al., 2013). Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

19. End- of text Citation (APA) • References cited in the bibliography at the end of the text/article/Thesis • Provides information on Who wrote it? When did he write it? What it is? and Where is it? • There are different guidelines for citing references at the end of the text for periodical and non periodical sources • Periodical sources: Journals, Newspapers, Bulletins etc. • Non periodical sources: Books, Reports, Thesis etc. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

20. End of text Citation Format for Periodical sources • For Journals/bulletin/newspapers etc. cite as follows: • The authors Last names and their initials. • Year of publication in parenthesis. • Title of the article and note that only the first letter of title of article is capitalized. Name of town/countries should be capitalized • Name of the Journal. Note that each word of the name of the journal should be capitalized and italicized . • Volume and issue number of the journal. • Page number of the article in the journal Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

21. Example of End of Text Citation for Journal Articles Listed in the Bibliography • Escobal, J. (2006). The determinants of nonfarm income diversification in rural Peru. World Development, 29 (3), 497–508. • Deininger, K., & Olinto, P. (2007). Rural nonfarm employment and income diversification in Colombia. World Development, 29 (3), 455–465. • Owusu, V., Abdulai, A., & Abdul-rahman, S. (2013). Nonfarm work and food security among farm households in northern Ghana. Food Policy, 36 (2), 108–118. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

22. Format of End of Text Citation for Non Periodical Sources • For books cite as follows: • The authors Last names and their initials. • Year of publication in parenthesis. • Title of the book in italics • Note that only the first letter of title of the book is capitalized. • Place of publication: City and Country or State. • Name of publisher. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

23. Example of End of Text Citation for Books Listed in the Bibliography Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2007). Transforming the rural non-farm economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Example of End of Text Citation for Book Chapter in the Bibliography Liedhom, C. (2007). Enterprise Dynamics in Rural Non-farm Economy. Ed In Transforming the rural non-farm economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

24. Example of End of Text Citation for Thesis In the Bibliography • Muhoozi, L. (2002). Exploitation and management of the artisanal fisheries in the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria. A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Hull. • Example of End of Text Citation for Website Materials in the Bibliography • Lanjouw, P. and Feder, G. (2001). Non-Farm Activities and Rural Development: From Experience Towards Strategy. Rural Development Strategy Background Paper. The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSP/IB/2001/PDF/multi(Accessed 2nd April, 2008). Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW

25. CONCLUSION • Learn to read relevant works in your field. • Learn all the ground rules governing citations In your INSTITUTION. * Peer Group Support can widen access to LITERATURE. * Explore the INTERNET especially Online Data Bases. ********************************** THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU Dr. M.Bello. SPGS WORKSHOP 2019: HOW TO DO LIT REVIEW