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Diseases of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Diseases of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. Definition: A group of pulmonary diseases characterized by increased resistance to air flow due to partial or complete obstruction at any level. Types: 1. Chronic bronchitis. 2. Bronchial asthma. 3. Emphysema.

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Diseases of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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  1. Diseases of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Definition: • A group of pulmonary diseases characterized by increased resistance to air flow due to partial or complete obstruction at any level. Types: 1. Chronic bronchitis. 2. Bronchial asthma. 3. Emphysema.

  3. (l) Chronic Bronchitis Definition: • It is persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years. • Common in middle-aged men Causes: 1- Cigarette smoking. 2- Atmospheric pollution 3- Chronic inflammation of upper respiratory tract.

  4. Pathology:. N/E: Bronchial mucosa appears thick, opaque and covered by excess mucous. M/P: both bronchi and bronchioles show; 1) Epithelium: - Goblet cell hyperplasia. - Squamous metaplasia and dysplasia. 2) Subepithelial Tissue: - Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations. - Hyperplasia of mucous glands. - Fibrosis.

  5. Complications: 1- Centrilobular emphysema. 2- Bronchopneumonia. 3- Malignancy: Bronchogenic carcinoma. 4- Pulmonary hypertension and corpulmonale. 5- Heart failure.

  6. (2) Bronchial Asthma Definition: • episodes of reversible bronchospasm resulting from increased responsiveness of the bronchial tree to various types of stimuli. Aetiology and Types: 1. Extrinsic (immunological, atopic, allergic) asthma. 2. Intrinsic asthma (non-immunological, non-allergic).

  7. * N/E: • Small bronchi and bronchioles are spastic (thick and narrow). • Trachea & bronchi are hyperaemic and covered by mucus. • Lung tissue shows emphysematous changes (due to partial bronchial obstruction).

  8. * M/P: • The small bronchi and bronchioles show; 1. Thick basement membrane 2. Narrow lumens, contains mucus plugs which contain whorls of sheded epithelial cells (curschmann spirals), numerous eosinophils and charcot-leyden crystals (esinophil membranes). 3. The subepithelial tissue show; • Hyperplasia of mucous glands. • Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle. • Inflammatory infiltrate formed mainly of eosinophils.

  9. Complications: • Pulmonary hypertension: causing Core pulmonale or heart failure. • Emphysema. • Bacterial infection causing persistent bronchitis, bronchiectasis or pneumonia. • Status asthmaticus: persistent attacks for days or weeks. May lead to respiratory failure.

  10. (3) Emphysema Definition: • Permanent dilatation of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by damage of their walls.

  11. Respiratory acinusRespiratory bronchioles + alveolar ducts + alveoli.

  12. * Types • Centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema • Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema

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