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How to Read Your DNA or Protein Synthesis

How to Read Your DNA or Protein Synthesis. Learning Targets:. I can explain the relationship of DNA to proteins. I can summarize the process of protein synthesis. I can compare and contrast the structure of RNA to DNA I can identify and explain the functions of the three types of RNA

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How to Read Your DNA or Protein Synthesis

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  1. How to Read Your DNAor Protein Synthesis

  2. Learning Targets: • I can explain the relationship of DNA to proteins. • I can summarize the process of protein synthesis. • I can compare and contrast the structure of RNA to DNA • I can identify and explain the functions of the three types of RNA • I can describe the process of transcription • I can describe the process of translation • I can identify and explain Frameshift and Substitution mutations.

  3. The Purpose of DNA • DNA stores instructions for making proteins. HOW TO MAKE PROTEIN

  4. EVERYTHING in your body is made of protein! • Your skin • Your hair • Your eyes • Your blood

  5. STOP! You should be able to answer: • I can explain the relationship of DNA to proteins.

  6. Overview • The instructions are written using a four-letter alphabet - A, T, C, G • The DNA instructions are “transcribed” into RNA using the four-letter alphabet – A, U, C, G • Each 3-letter group makes a “word” or CODON

  7. Every mRNA “word” encodes an amino acid. • Amino acids are strung together to form proteins. • Most proteins have about 200-300 amino acids held together by peptide bonds!

  8. The Central Dogma DNA mRNA Proteins

  9. STOP! You should be able to answer: • I can summarize the process of protein synthesis.

  10. RNA • Single Helix • Uracil instead of Thymine • Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose sugar

  11. RNA does not have Thymine! A – U C – G

  12. STOP! You should be able to answer: • I can compare and contrast the structure of RNA to DNA

  13. Three Kinds of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – reads and copies the DNA and takes it to the ribosome. • This is called Transcription (making RNA from DNA)

  14. Three Kinds of RNA 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – translates every three letters into a word, or codon, and builds amino acids. • This is called Translation (anti-codon)

  15. Three Kinds of RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – rRNA makes up part of the ribosome. They aid in stringing the amino acids together to make polypeptides. • A polypeptide is a chain of two or more amino acids

  16. Stop! You should be able to answer: • I can identify and explain the functions of the three types of RNA rRNA

  17. Transcription • Decoding DNA into mRNA

  18. mRNA Transcription Step 1: An enzyme, called helicase, “unzips” the DNA strand

  19. RNA Transcription Step 2: An enzyme, RNA Polymerase, matches up the mRNA nucleotides with one side of the “unzipped” DNA RNA nucleotide

  20. RNA Transcription Step 3: mRNA goes to the ribosome mRNA strand One side of DNA strand

  21. RNA Transcription Step 4: The DNA “zips” back together

  22. Stop! You should be able to answer: • I can describe the process of transcription

  23. Translation • Decoding the mRNA into Proteins

  24. Translation tRNAtranslates the codons on the mRNA strand into anti-codonsin the ribosome

  25. Translation • Three bases (one codon) make one amino acid. • There are 20 amino acids. • There are 64 codons How Can This Be???

  26. Stop! You should be able to answer: • I can describe the process of translation

  27. Mutations

  28. Mutation A change in the base sequence of DNA. --May be good or bad. Gene mutation – a base gets substituted (silent and non-silent), deleted, or inserted.

  29. Insertions and deletions are called frameshift mutations THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL Deletion of one base THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL

  30. *Frame Shift Mutations* (Point Mutations) Ex: THE RAT HID AND THE CAT SAT AND GOT FAT. SUBSTITUTION: Ex: THE PAT HID AND THE CAT SAT AND GOT FAT. INSERTION: Ex: THE RAT HIX DAN DTH ECA TSA TAN DGO TFA T DELETION: Ex: THE RAH IDA NDT HEC ATS ATA NDG OTF AT

  31. Mutagenic Agent – substance that causes the addition, removal, or substitution of a nitrogenous base.

  32. InheritedMutation – passed on to offspring. • Sickle Cell Anemia – A is replaced by T in hemoglobin gene (substitution) • Cystic fibrosis – normal codon replaced by “stop” codon (substitution) • Tay-Sachs Disease – base insertion on chromosome 15

  33. SomaticMutation – not passed on to offspring. • Lung cancer – tobacco and asbestos • Skin cancer – radiation • One blue and one brown eye – random mutation after birth

  34. Stop! You should be able to answer: • I can identify and explain Frameshift and Substitution mutations.

  35. These were the learning targets • I can explain the relationship of DNA to proteins. • I can summarize the process of protein synthesis. • I can compare and contrast the structure of RNA to DNA • I can identify and explain the functions of the three types of RNA • I can describe the process of transcription • I can describe the process of translation • I can identify and explain Frameshift and Substitution mutations.

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