California Environmental Protection Agency

1. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board加州环保署空气资源委员会 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN USA:PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ANDAIR QUALITY DECISION MAKINGIN CALIFORNIA美国公众参与：加州空气质量决策与公众参与 BYEDWARD WONG OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 加州环保署空气资源委员会督察员办公室 爱德华·王

2. Overview概述 • California Air Resources Board加州空气资源委员会 (CARB) • Other Agencies Regulating Air Pollution其他管理空气污染的政府机构 • Environmental Justice Policy 环境正义政策 • Rulemaking Process 规则制定程序 • Public Participation 公众参与 • Public Access to Sources of Air Pollution 公众了解空气污染源的渠道 • Enforcement Program执法项目 • Public Complaint Process 公众投诉程序 • Personal Experiences 个人经验

3. California Air Resources Board (CARB)加州空气资源委员会 • State air pollution control agency and a department of California Environmental Protection Agency 加州空气污染控制机构以及加州环保署的一个部门 • Primary mandate to provide safe, clean air for all Californians 首要的任务（是强制要求）是为所有加州人民提供安全、干净的空气 • Accomplished though其实现是通过: • Reduction in air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles, fuels, and consumer products 减少机动车、燃料以及消费产品中的空气污染物排放 • Control measures for toxic air contaminants有毒空气污染物控制措施 • Relatively recent mandates 相对新近的强制要求 • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles减少新机动车辆的温室气体排放 • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from other sources减少其他来源的温室气体排放 • Oversee 35 local air districts 监督35个地方空气质量管理区

4. Sharing CARB’s Experience分享加州空气资源委员会的经验 • CARB established in 1967 to coordinate State’s air pollution activities 该委员会建立于1967年，旨在协调加州空气污染的各项活动 • Only state with more stringent air standards than federal air standards and has led to substantial improvement in air quality past 40 years 美国唯一一个空气标准比联邦更高的州，在过去40年中促使空气质量的极大改善 • Unique position has helped other states and countries to adopt similar regulations toward improving their air quality 独特的立场帮助了其他州以及国家采纳类似的规定来改善其空气质量 • Public participation has been and will continue to be a critical part in the development of air pollution policies, plans, and regulations 公众参与在空气质量的政策、计划和规则的制定中，一直都是并会继续是关键的一部分。 • CARB honored to share our experience in this international forum 加州空气资源委员会能够在此次国际论坛中分享经验感到荣幸

5. Other Agencies Regulating Air Pollution管理大气污染的其他政府机构

6. 35 Local Air Districts 35个地方空气质量管理区 • Enforce rules and regulations at local level 在地方层面执行规则和规定 • First point of contact for issues or complaints 问题或投诉的首要联络点 • Regulate stationary sources such as规管固定源，比如: • Industrial and commercial facilities工业和商业企业的设施 • Power plants 发电厂 • Construction activities 建筑活动 • Outdoor burning 室外燃烧 • Other non-mobile sources 其他非固定污染源 • Governed by local elected officials 由被选举出的地方官员管理 • Los Angeles County established 1947 as first local air district 洛杉机郡1947年作为第一个地方空气质量管理区建立

7. 35 Local Air Districts 35个地方空气质量管理区 9 Air Basins 9个空气域 County/Regional Boards郡/地区委员会 Topography 地形学 Political boundaries 政治分界线 Jurisdiction辖区: Stationary sources固定源 Local Air Districts in California加州地方空气质量管理区

8. United States Environmental Protection Agency 美国环保总署 • Enforces Federal rules and regulations 执行联邦规则和规定 • Sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards 设立《国家环境空气质量标准》 • Regulates管理: • Cars and trucks outside of California 加州以外的轿车和卡车 • Trains 火车 • Aircraft 航行器 • Most construction and farm equipment 大多数的建筑和农场设施 • Many other sources 其他许多污染源 • Oversees and approves state programs 监督并批准州项目 • Established 1970 1970年建立

9. Environmental Justice Policy环境正义政策 • California law definition 加州法律定义 • The fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, and incomes with respect to the development, adoption, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies • 关于环境法律、规则以及政策的制定、采纳以及执行中公平对待所有种族、文化及收入不同的人 • CARB EJ policies and actions (policies)加州空气资源委员会环境正义政策和诉讼（制度） • Approved by Board in 2001 由该委员会于2001年批准 • Establishes framework for incorporating EJ into CARB programs consistent with directives of State law 与州法律指令一致，建立了把环境正义纳入委员会项目的框架 • Six policies apply to all communities while recognizing EJ issues more pronounced in low-income and minority communities 六大政策适用于所有群体，同时认同环境正义问题在低收入以及少数民族群体更为显著 • Intended to promote fair treatment of all Californians and cover full spectrum of CARB activities 意图促进对加州人民的一致公平对待，并涵盖该委员会所有活动

10. How Does CARB Establish Air Pollution Rules and Regulations?加州空气资源委员会如何制定空气污染规则和规定？ • Adopts rules and regulations采纳规则和规定 • Enacted by California Legislature 由加州立法机构颁布 • Enacted by U.S. Congress 由美国国会颁布 • Promulgated by U.S. EPA 由美国环保总署颁布 • Rules and regulations 规则和规定 • Clarify and provide more detail to laws 阐明法律，为法律提供更多细节 • Make clear who must do what, how, and by when 阐明谁必须做什么、怎么做、什么时间之前

11. Open Public Review Process公开公众评议程序 • State agencies subject to 州的各政府机构要遵守: • Administrative Procedures Act (APA) 《行政程序法》 • Regulations of the Office of Administrative Law (OAL)行政法办公室的规定 • Ensures确保: • State regulations clear and consistent 州的规定清楚和一致 • Public’s comments are addressed 公众意见得到解决 • APA requires formal public comment period 《行政程序法》要求正式的公众评议阶段 • State agencies subject to OAL review 州的各政府机构要受行政法办公室的审核

12. Development of Proposed Regulation 规则的制定 • Early Stage 早期 • Literature searches 文献研究 • Data collection, analyses, and evaluations 数据收集、分析和评估 • Informal meetings and phone calls 非正式会议和电话 • Initial draft regulation prepared 准备规定的初级草案 • Later Stage晚期 • Workshops held in various parts of State 在州的各个地方召开研讨会 • Public comments discussed and issues addressed 讨论和解决公众意见 • Draft proposal revised several times 多次修改草案 • Final draft regulation prepared 准备好最终版规定草案

13. 45-Day Public Hearing Notice and Formal Comment Period 45天公众听证会通知以及正式的公众评议期 • Public Hearing Notice 公众听证会通知 • Issued 45 days prior to Board Hearing 委员会听证会之前45天发出 • Announces proposed regulation and how public can comment 告知要制定的规则以及公众如何评论 • Initial Statement of Reasons (ISOR) 《初步理由陈述》 • Staff report released same time 同时发布机构人员所作的报告 • Discusses key issues and concerns raised, technical justification, feasibility, and many others 讨论被提出的重要问题、技术理由、可行性以及其他许多问题 • Begins formal comment period 开始正式评议期

14. Public Hearing公众听证会 • Board composed of 11 appointees 委员会由11名受委任的人员组成 • Staff gives oral presentation 机构人员做口头陈述 • Public gives oral testimony 公众做口头陈述 • Further discussions on key issues 进一步就关键问题进行讨论 • Board approves with minor changes 稍有改动之后委员会批准 • Final Statement of Reasons (FSOR) will be prepared 准备好《最终理由陈述》 • Board approves with substantial revisions 实质修改之后委员会批准 • 15-Day Comment Period 15天评议期 • FSOR will be prepared 准备好《最终理由陈述》

15. After Public Hearing公众听证会之后 • FSOR prepared and contains responses to all comments 准备好《最终理由陈述》，包含了对所有评议的回答 • Formal comment period 正式评议期 • 15-Day comment period, if applicable 可适用的话，15天的评议期 • OAL has 30 days to approve FSOR 行政法办公室有30天的时间批准《最终理由陈述》 • Once FSOR approved, final regulation filed with Secretary of State 一旦《最终理由陈述》被通过，最终版的规定会提交给州务卿 • Regulation becomes effective 30 days after filing 提交上去30天后该规定生效

16. Public Participation公众参与

17. Opportunities for Public Involvement 公众参与的机会 • Non-personal contact 非当面接触 • Letters信件 • Email 电子邮件 • Telephone 电话 • Personal contact 当面接触 • Town hall meetings 市政厅会议 • Meetings with staff or Board members 与官员或者委员会成员的会议 • Workshops 研讨会 • CARB board hearings 加州空气资源委员会听证会 • Local air district board hearings 地方空气质量管理区委员会听证会

18. Preparing and Presenting Comments 准备并提交评议 • Prior to meeting, workshop, or board hearing 在会议、研讨会或者委员会的听证会之前 • Written comments of any length 任何长度的书面评议 • During meeting, workshop, or board hearing 在会议、研讨会或者委员会的听证会过程中 • Use pictures, slides, or other visual aids 使用图片、幻灯片或其他视觉帮助 • Read from prepared comments朗读准备好的评议内容 • Simply speak 说 • Advanced arrangement for special equipment and translator, if needed 如果需要，事先准备好特殊的设备和翻译 • Time limit 时间限制

19. Disagreeing with a Decision不同意某个决定 • Public can appeal to a court 公众可以诉诸法庭 • Special laws 特别法律 • Tell public which court to file appeal 告诉公众去什么法庭上诉 • How to appeal decisions of government agencies 如何就政府决定予以上诉 • What public needs to prove to change decision 公众需要证明什么以改变政府决定 • Complex process which may warrant an attorney程序很复杂，可能需要一名律师 • Involving others who feel same way may help 让其他有同样感受的人参与其中会有帮助 • To challenge decision 对政府决定进行质疑 • Show facts and arguments did not support decision, or给出不支持该项决定的事实和论点 • Government agency did not follow proper procedure 政府部门没有遵循正当的程序

20. Disagreeing with Underlying Law不同意背后潜藏的法律 • Contact representative in the California Legislature 联系加州立法机关的代表 • Look at ways to propose new legislation to change law 寻求各种方式提出新的立法建议以改变法律

21. Public Access to Sources of Air Pollution公众了解大气污染源的渠道

22. California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality 《加州污染排放和空气质量年鉴》 • Published annually by CARB 由加州空气资源委员会每年出版 • Statewide air quality monitoring network 州范围的空气质量监督网络 • Summarized air quality trends and emissions data总结了空气质量趋势以及排放数据 • 20-Year trend for five criteria pollutants五项标准污染物的20年趋势 • 15-Year or less trend for 10 toxic air contaminants 10种有毒空气污染物的15年或少于15年的趋势 • California as a whole 加州作为一个整体 • Five most populated air basins 五个人口最密集的空气域 • Hardcopy free upon request 申请即可免费获得打印件 • Accessible through CARB web site 可以从加州空气资源委员会网站上获得

23. Local Air District Inventories 地方空气质量管理区信息库 • Maintain Emission Inventories for planning, etc. 为了计划等目的维护排放信息库 • Some required data for operating permits 要求某些数据以获得操作许可 • Nature of facility or business 设施或企业的性质 • Location 地点 • Type and amount of emissions 排放类型和数量 • Air pollution-producing processes 空气污染产生过程 • Type of air pollution control equipment 空气污染控制设备类型 • Operating hours 操作时间 • Seasonal variations in activity 活动的季节性波动 • Larger air districts have data on thousands of facilities 较大的空气区拥有关于上千设施的数据

24. Statewide Emission Inventory州范围的排放信息库 • Collected by CARB and local air districts 由加州空气资源委员会和地方空气质量管理区收集 • Helps answer questions such as: 帮助解答问题，比如： • Where can I find emissions data? 我在哪儿能找到排放数据？ • How are emissions estimated? 排放是如何估计的？ • What pollutants are emitted? 排放了什么污染物？ • What is the pollution in my neighborhood? 我所在社区的污染是什么？ • What resources are available? 可以获得什么样的资源？ • Where can I get more information? 我能从哪里获得更多的信息？ • Accessible through CARB web site 通过加州空气资源委员会网站上获取

25. Community Health Air Pollution Information System (CHAPIS)社区健康空气污染信息体系(CHAPIS) • Joint effort between CARB and local air districts 加州空气资源委员会和地方空气质量管理区的共同努力 • Web-based mapping tool to view sources 用基于网站的地图工具来查看污染源 • Makes public information more understandable and more visual 使得公共信息更好理解更直观 • Helps answer questions such as: 帮助回答问题，比如： • What are the major sources in my neighborhood? 我所在社区有什么主要污染源？ • What sources are near our school? 我们学校附近有什么污染源？ • What chemicals are emitted by a source in this area? 该地区内某污染源排放的是什么化学物质？

26. Limitations of CHAPIS社区健康空气污染信息体系的局限性 • Emissions information provided for general purposes only 提供的排放信息仅是供一般使用 • Some information not up-to-date or not accurate (consult local air district for most recent data) 一些信息不是最新的或者不准确（向地方空气质量管理区咨询最新数据） • Emissions not the same as exposure 跟曝光的排放量不同 • Not all sources or all air pollutants included 不是所有的污染源或者空气污染物都被包括了 • Estimates based on average conditions 根据平均状况的估计 • Additional limitations 其他局限性

27. Enforcement Program执法项目

28. Enforcement Program Mission执法项目宗旨 “To protect public health and the environment by maximizing reductions in emissions of air contaminants and exposure to air contaminants through the fair, consistent and comprehensive enforcement of statutory and regulatory requirements for sources of air pollution under CARB jurisdiction.” “通过公平、持续、全面地执行针对加州空气资源委员会辖区的法律和法规要求，最大程度地减少空气污染物排放以及减少跟空气污染物的接触以保护公众健康和环境。”

29. Enforcement Programs 执法项目 • General Mobile Source Enforcement 普通非固定污染源 • Heavy-Duty Diesel Enforcement 重型柴油机 • Fuels Enforcement 燃料 • Consumer Products Enforcement 消费产品 • Stationary Source Enforcement 固定污染源 • Greenhouse Gas Enforcement 温室气体 • Strategic Environmental Investigations 战略环境调查 • Training and Compliance Assistance 培训和合规协助

30. Web-Based Public Access基于网络的公众渠道 • Administrative Penalties 行政处罚 • Administrative Hearings 行政听证会 • Minor Violation Program 轻微违法项目 • Case Settlements 和解 • Enforcement Actions 执法行动 • Advisories 咨询 • Reports 报告 • Forms 表格

31. Training and Compliance Assistance 培训和合规帮助

32. Training and Compliance Assistance Programs 培训和合规帮助项目 • Technical training in the Air Pollution Control Field 空气污染控制领域内的技术培训 • Introductory, intermediate, and advanced courses 介绍性、中级、高级课程 • Workshops 研讨会 • Special Symposiums 特别研讨会 • Fundamentals of Enforcement training course 执法培训课程的基本原则 • Visible Emissions Evaluation (Re-)Certification 可视排放物评估（重）证明 • Advanced technical publications for both the regulated community and enforcement agencies 针对被管理群体以及执法机构的高级技术性出版物

33. Public Complaint Process公众投诉程序

34. Documenting Air Pollution Problem 记录空气污染问题 • Air pollution problem seen or smelled 看见或闻见的空气污染问题 • Document 文件 • Nature of the problem 问题的性质 • Time and date when problem occurred 问题发生的时间和日期 • Source of pollution, if known 如已知，污染源是什么 • Wind direction 风向 • Visible signs of pollution with pictures or video recordings, if possible 可能的情况下，用图片或视频记录可视污染迹象

35. Complaint Resolution Protocol《投诉解决议定书》 • Standardized procedure for handling complaints between CARB, local air districts, and stakeholders 处理各利益相关方与加州空气资源委员会以及地方空气质量管理区之间的投诉的标准程序 • Outlines procedures to be followed for complaints 列出了投诉应遵循的程序 • Ensures timely and effective resolution of complaints 保证及时有效地解决投诉 • Ensures complainants kept informed of actions being taken 保证投诉人一直知晓采取的行动 • Available from local air districts and CARB web site 可以从地方空气质量管理区和加州空气资源委员会网站上获得

36. Response to Complaints对投诉的回应 • Local air districts committed to ensure responsiveness to complaints 地方空气质量管理区致力于保证对投诉人的回应 • First contact local air district, but can also contact CARB 首先联系地方空气质量管理区，但是也可以联系加州空气资源委员会 • Regardless of outcome, complainant notified how case was investigated and resolved 不管结局如何，投诉人会被告知某投诉是被如何调查和解决的 • Complainant encouraged to contact agency if not informed of outcome after certain amount of time 如果超过一定时间，投诉人未被告知结果，鼓励投诉人联系政府机构

37. Filing Complaint with Local Air Districts – Contact向地方空气质量管理区投诉－联系 • All local air districts have public access 公众可以联系到所在地方空气质量管理区 • Contact also possible through letters, email, office visits, or field staff 也可以通过信件、电子邮件、到访或外地工作人员进行联系 • Complainant describes problem and gives personal contact information 投诉人描述问题，提供个人联系信息 • Identity kept confidential unless there is formal legal action 身份保密，除非有正式的法律诉讼 • Larger local air districts have services for translation 较大的空气质量管理区拥有翻译服务

38. Filing Complaint with Local Air Districts – Investigation 向地方空气质量管理区投诉－调查 • Assigned to inspector for investigation 指派调查员进行调查 • Gathers evidence to determine if violation occurred 收集证据确定是否有违法情况发生 • Source in compliance 合规的污染源 • Inspection is documented 调查会被记录 • Usually no further enforcement action taken 通常不会采取进一步执法行动 • Source in violation 违法的污染源 • Notice to Comply (NTC) for minor violations 对于轻微违法，给出《守法通知》 • Notice of Violation (NOV) for more serious violations 对于更严重的违法，给出《违法通知》 • Complainant notified of outcome within 10 days 结果出来10天内告知投诉人

39. Filing Complaint with Local Air Districts – Smoke or Odor Gone向地方空气质量管理区投诉－烟尘或气味消失 • Evidence gone before inspector arrives 调查员到达前证据已消失 • Inspector attempts to identify source 调查员会试图确定污染源 • Cannot issue NOV unless personally confirmed 除非亲自确定，不能发出《违法通知》 • Complaints persist, but no evidence, inspections 投诉持续，却无证据，调查 • Can be increased 可以扩大 • Can occur late night or outside normal operating hours 可以深夜或其他非正常工作时间进行 • Site-specific monitoring possible 可能进行具体地点监测

40. Special and Community Air Monitoring 特殊空气检测以及社区空气检测 • Portable devices that can be used to monitor variety of air pollutants 可用于检测各种空气污染物的便携式装置 • May be needed in some communities 也许在一些社区会用到 • Local air districts with limited funds can seek expertise and equipment from CARB and others 资金有限的地方空气质量管理区可以向加州空气资源委员会等寻求专业人士和设备 • CARB and local air districts may get community members: 加州空气资源委员会和地方空气质量管理区可能会让社区成员 • To use community air quality monitors 使用社区空气质量监测器 • More involved in air quality decisions 更多地参与空气质量决定 • To share more information about a complaint 更多地分享有关某投诉的信息

41. Filing Complaint with CARB向加州空气资源委员会投诉 • Handle complaints related to jurisdiction 处理辖区内的投诉 • Examples of possible complaints: 可能的投诉举例： • Idling bus or vehicle at or near a school 停在学校里或附近引擎未关的公交车或车辆 • Idling commercial vehicle 引擎未关的商用车 • Smoking or idling locomotive 尾气重或未关引擎的机车 • Smoking vehicle 尾气重的车辆 • Local and stationary sources 地方固定污染源 • Immediately referred to appropriate local air district 当即告知相应的地方空气质量管理区 • Letter describing complaint sent 发送关于投诉的信 • All access, investigations, and follow-up similar to local air districts 所有渠道、调查及后续与地方空气质量管理区相似

42. Complaint Hotline 投诉热线 • Respond to more than 500 citizen complaints and injuries per year 每年回应超过500 人次的举报及受伤投诉 • Maintain a compliance database 维护一个合规数据库 • Perform follow-up investigations 进行后续调查

43. Facilities with Chronic Problems问题慢性延续的设施 • In addition to steps taken by local air district, CARB may conduct own on-site inspection 除了地方空气质量管理区会采取的行动，加州空气资源委员会可能也会进行实地调查 • CARB informs local air district of date and time and invites their staff for joint inspection 加州空气资源委员会告知地方空气质量管理区时间和日期，邀请管理区人员共同调查 • CARB inspector usually defers to district inspector on issuance of NTC or NOV, if appropriate 正当的情况下，加州空气资源委员会调查员通常会尊重地区调查员发送《守法通知》还是《违法通知》 • For violation of CARB regulations, CARB inspector will issue NTC or NOV, if appropriate 正当情况下，如果违反了加州空气资源委员会的规定，加州空气资源委员会调查员将发布《守法通知》或《违法通知》

44. Personal Experiences 个人经验 • Enforcement 执法 • Handling complaints 处理投诉 • Rulemaking 规则制定 • Working with all stakeholders 与所有利益相关方合作

45. Office of the Ombudsman 督察员办公室 • Definition定义 • A person employed by an institution to investigate complaints against it 某人被某机构聘用以调查针对该机构的投诉 • Reality 现实 • A friendly advisor to the public, business community, CARB, and local air districts 对于公众、商界、加州空气资源委员会以及地方空气质量管理区是友好的顾问 • Goals 目标 • Provide guidance on rules and regulations 提供有关规则规定的指导 • Assist small businesses 帮助小型企业 • Help resolve compliance issues 帮助解决合规问题 • Clearinghouse for environmental information 环境信息的交换所 • Increase stakeholder involvement 增强利益相关方的参与 • Continuous service improvement 持续的服务改善

46. THANK YOU!谢谢！