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More about Classes and Data Abstraction

More about Classes and Data Abstraction. const specifier is used for not modifiable objectsC would not let any member functions to call for const object, unless the member functions themselves are also declared const. Even for get functions. In class declaration: int getHour() c

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More about Classes and Data Abstraction

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    1. More about Classes and Data Abstraction const specifier and const member function friend function Dynamic allocation static data member and function member this point

    2. More about Classes and Data Abstraction const specifier is used for not modifiable objects C++ would not let any member functions to call for const object, unless the member functions themselves are also declared const. Even for get functions

    3. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Member functions declared with const can not modify the const object. A non-const member function can not even access const object, without modification on the object. The following example shows the combination of cont/non-const objects and invoked const/non-const member functions.

    12. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Member initializer can be used to initialize const data member within constructor. Example:

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    17. More about Classes and Data Abstraction If we use an assignment statement to initialize const data member, it will fail. Example:

    22. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Composition: Objects can be members of classes Here is a example to show two classes: Employee and Data, and the data members of Employee Class are the objects of Data Class

    37. More about Classes and Data Abstraction friend function of a class is defined outside that class's scope. A function or entire class may be declared to be a friend of another class. How to declare a friend function or a friend of a class?

    44. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Each object has access to its own address through a pointer called "this". "this" pointer is a special pointer, which compiler assign to non-static member function call to object. Use this pointer, we can implicitly access both the data and function members of a class. It can also be used explicitly.

    45. More about Classes and Data Abstraction In a non-constant member function of a class, this pointer of class Employee, the this pointer has type Employee *const (a constant pointer to an Employee object) In a constant member function of class Employee the this pointer has type const Employee * const (a constant pointer to an Employee object that is a constant) Example:

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    71. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Dynamic allocation with operators new and delete With comparison of C's malloc() and free() functions Dynamic allocation can be used to dynamically reserve variables or objects of different types during execution procedure.

    72. More about Classes and Data Abstraction In review C, we have

    73. More about Classes and Data Abstraction In C++, we have

    74. More about Classes and Data Abstraction pointer to array dynamically

    75. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Static Class Members If a variable is shared with all objects of a class, a static data member of the class can be introduced. Static data members have class scope. Static data member can be initialized. Static data member can be referenced through any member functions of the class. Example: static data and function members

    85. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Data abstraction and information hiding Classes normally hide their implement details from the clients of the classes. This is called information hiding Data structure (stack example, last-in and first out) hide stack implementation in data structure Stacks can be created by either array or linked list. Describing the function of a class independent of its implementation is called data abstraction Clients only need to know is the interface to communicate the class

    86. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Examples of ADT (textbooks) Container class (collection class): designed to hold collections of objects Container class commonly provide services such as insertion, deletion, sort, search, Examples: array, stacks, queue, tree, linked list, Iterators (iterative objects)

    87. More about Classes and Data Abstraction Proxy classes

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