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Course introduction, History of GIS, GIS applications Reading: Longley: Chpts 1, 2 Demers: Ch 1 Ormsby: Ch 1, 2

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Course introduction, History of GIS, GIS applications Reading: Longley: Chpts 1, 2 Demers: Ch 1 Ormsby: Ch 1, 2

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    1. Course introduction, History of GIS, GIS applications Reading: Longley: Chpts 1, 2 Demers: Ch 1 Ormsby: Ch 1, 2 Aug 25 Monday Course introduction, history of GIS, GIS applications Reading: Longley: Chpts 1, 2 Demers: Ch 1Ormsby: Ch 1, 2Aug 25 Monday Course introduction, history of GIS, GIS applicationsReading: Longley: Chpts 1, 2 Demers: Ch 1Ormsby: Ch 1, 2

    2. Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere! *We are confined in our activities to the surface and near surface of the Earth. *We travel over it and in the lower levels of the atmosphere. *Through tunnels dug just below the surface. *We dig ditches and burry pipelines and cables *Construct mines to extract mineral deposits *Drill wells to access oil and gas. *Keeping track of all this activity is important, and knowing where it occurs can be the most convenient basis for tracking. Knowing where something happens is critically important! If we want go there ourselves or send someone there, to find other information about the same place, or to inform people nearbyAlmost everything that happens, happens somewhere! *We are confined in our activities to the surface and near surface of the Earth. *We travel over it and in the lower levels of the atmosphere. *Through tunnels dug just below the surface. *We dig ditches and burry pipelines and cables *Construct mines to extract mineral deposits *Drill wells to access oil and gas. *Keeping track of all this activity is important, and knowing where it occurs can be the most convenient basis for tracking. Knowing where something happens is critically important! If we want go there ourselves or send someone there, to find other information about the same place, or to inform people nearby

    3. Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere! *We are confined in our activities to the surface and near surface of the Earth. *We travel over it and in the lower levels of the atmosphere. *Through tunnels dug just below the surface. *We dig ditches and burry pipelines and cables *Construct mines to extract mineral deposits *Drill wells to access oil and gas. *Keeping track of all this activity is important, and knowing where it occurs can be the most convenient basis for tracking. Knowing where something happens is critically important! If we want go there ourselves or send someone there, to find other information about the same place, or to inform people nearbyAlmost everything that happens, happens somewhere! *We are confined in our activities to the surface and near surface of the Earth. *We travel over it and in the lower levels of the atmosphere. *Through tunnels dug just below the surface. *We dig ditches and burry pipelines and cables *Construct mines to extract mineral deposits *Drill wells to access oil and gas. *Keeping track of all this activity is important, and knowing where it occurs can be the most convenient basis for tracking. Knowing where something happens is critically important! If we want go there ourselves or send someone there, to find other information about the same place, or to inform people nearby

    4. Geographic information systems are a special class of information systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things happen or exist, but also of where these events, activities, and things happen or exist. Definitions of GIS can vary considerably! Why do we need GIS? Because location is important, It is an issue in many of the problems society must solve. Problems that involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to solve them, or in the solutions themselves, are termed geographic problems.Geographic information systems are a special class of information systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things happen or exist, but also of where these events, activities, and things happen or exist. Definitions of GIS can vary considerably! Why do we need GIS? Because location is important, It is an issue in many of the problems society must solve. Problems that involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to solve them, or in the solutions themselves, are termed geographic problems.

    5. Examples of geographic problems: *Health care managers solve geographic problems “Where to locate new clinics and hospitals” *Delivery companies solve geographic problems when they decide the routes, and schedules of their vehicles, often on a daily basis. *Transportation authorities solve geographic problems “When they select routes for new highways” *Forestry companies: They determine how best to manage forests, etc. Governments solve geographic problems when they decide how to allocate funds for building sea defenses Examples of geographic problems: *Health care managers solve geographic problems “Where to locate new clinics and hospitals” *Delivery companies solve geographic problems when they decide the routes, and schedules of their vehicles, often on a daily basis. *Transportation authorities solve geographic problems “When they select routes for new highways” *Forestry companies: They determine how best to manage forests, etc. Governments solve geographic problems when they decide how to allocate funds for building sea defenses

    6. If so many problems are geographic, what distinguishes them from each other? First: Scale or level of geographic detailIf so many problems are geographic, what distinguishes them from each other? First: Scale or level of geographic detail

    7. If so many problems are geographic, what distinguishes them from each other? *First, Scale or level of geographic detail is an essential property of any GIS project. *Second, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of intent. Some problems are strictly practical in nature- they must be solved as quickly as possible, At a minimum cost. Normative Uses of GIS, for example finding new locations of retailers. Others are better characterized as driven by human curiosity. Positive uses that advance science, for example social scientist studies how people make choices between alternative retail outlets, or to analyze the patterns of early agriculture evident in archeological discoveries. *Third, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of their time scale. Some decisions are operational, are required for the smooth functioning of an organization. Other are tactical, and concerned with medium term decisions, such as where to cut trees In next year’s forest harvesting plan. Others are strategic, and are required to give an organization long-term direction. If so many problems are geographic, what distinguishes them from each other? *First, Scale or level of geographic detail is an essential property of any GIS project. *Second, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of intent. Some problems are strictly practical in nature- they must be solved as quickly as possible, At a minimum cost. Normative Uses of GIS, for example finding new locations of retailers. Others are better characterized as driven by human curiosity. Positive uses that advance science, for example social scientist studies how people make choices between alternative retail outlets, or to analyze the patterns of early agriculture evident in archeological discoveries. *Third, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of their time scale. Some decisions are operational, are required for the smooth functioning of an organization. Other are tactical, and concerned with medium term decisions, such as where to cut trees In next year’s forest harvesting plan. Others are strategic, and are required to give an organization long-term direction.

    8. Third, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of their time scale. Some decisions are operational, are required for the smooth functioning of an organization. Other are tactical, and concerned with medium term decisions, such as where to cut trees In next year’s forest harvesting plan. Others are strategic, and are required to give an organization long-term direction. Third, geographic problems can be distinguished on the basis of their time scale. Some decisions are operational, are required for the smooth functioning of an organization. Other are tactical, and concerned with medium term decisions, such as where to cut trees In next year’s forest harvesting plan. Others are strategic, and are required to give an organization long-term direction.

    9. Geographic refers to the Earth’s surface and near surface. Spatial refers to any space. Many of the methods used in GIS are also applicable to other non-geographic spaces, such as the space of human body that is captured by medical images. GIS techniques have been applied to genome sequences on DNAGeographic refers to the Earth’s surface and near surface. Spatial refers to any space. Many of the methods used in GIS are also applicable to other non-geographic spaces, such as the space of human body that is captured by medical images. GIS techniques have been applied to genome sequences on DNA

    10. Reasons why geographic information is special *it is multidimensional, at least two coordinates must be specified to define a location *it is voluminous, can easily reach a terabyte in size *It must be projected onto a flat surface *it requires many spatial methods for its analysis *it can be time-consuming to integrate and analyze the many varied types of geographic information *Although much geographic information is static, the process of updating is complex, and expensive *Display of geographic information in the form of a map requires the retrieval of large amounts of data Reasons why geographic information is special *it is multidimensional, at least two coordinates must be specified to define a location *it is voluminous, can easily reach a terabyte in size *It must be projected onto a flat surface *it requires many spatial methods for its analysis *it can be time-consuming to integrate and analyze the many varied types of geographic information *Although much geographic information is static, the process of updating is complex, and expensive *Display of geographic information in the form of a map requires the retrieval of large amounts of data

    12. GIS Is a Visual Language GIS Is a Visual Language

    13. GIS Provides the Framework for Studying Complex Systems GIS Provides the Framework for Studying Complex Systems

    14. Visualizing Connecting Relating GIS can integrate data Visualizing Connecting Relating GIS can integrate data Visualizing Connecting Relating

    15. GIS Facilitates Learning About Earth and Its Life GIS Facilitates Learning About Earth and Its Life

    16. People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output Software; This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output Software; This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.

    17. People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output Software; This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results. People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output Software; This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results. People: This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data: The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware: hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output Software; This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures or Methods: Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.

    18. Homes School Districts Streets Zip Codes Cities Counties Any GIS should be capable of the following fundamental operations in order to be useful for finding solutions to real world problems: Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets. Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs. Any GIS should be capable of the following fundamental operations in order to be useful for finding solutions to real world problems: Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets. Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs.

    19. Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets. Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs. Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets. Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs. Capturing Data: A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) or tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing Data: There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data: A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data: A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple data sets. Displaying Data: A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output: A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs.

    20. Major events that shaped GIS Date Type Event The Era of Innovation 1963 Tehnology CGIS development initiated 1963 general URISA established 1964 Academic Harvard lab established 1966 Acdemic SYMAP first raster gis is created by harvard researchers 1967 Technology DIME developed, for 1970 census 1969 Commercial ESRI Inc. formed 1969 Commercial Intergraph Inc. formed 1969 Academic Design with nature published 1972 Technology landsat 1 launched 1974 Academic Autocarto 1 Conference 1977 Academic Topological Data Structures Conference The Era of Commercialization 1981 Commercial ArcInfo launched 1984 Academic Basic readings in GIS published 1985 Technology GPS operational 1986 Acdemic Principles of GIS for Land Resources Assessment published 1986 Commercial MapInfo. Corp. formed 1987 Academic International journal of GIScience introduced 1987 general Chorley Report 1988 general GISWOrld begins 1988 Technology TIGER announced 1988 Academic US and UK research centers announced 1991 Academic Big Book 1 published 1992 Technical DCW released 1994 general executive ordered by president Clinton 1994 general OpenGIS Consortium born 1996 Technology Internet GIS products introduced 1996 Commercial MapQuest 1999 general GIS Day The Era of Exploitation 2000 Commercial GIS passes $7 bn 2000 general GIS has 1 million users Major events that shaped GIS Date Type Event The Era of Innovation 1963 Tehnology CGIS development initiated 1963 general URISA established 1964 Academic Harvard lab established 1966 Acdemic SYMAP first raster gis is created by harvard researchers 1967 Technology DIME developed, for 1970 census 1969 Commercial ESRI Inc. formed 1969 Commercial Intergraph Inc. formed 1969 Academic Design with nature published 1972 Technology landsat 1 launched 1974 Academic Autocarto 1 Conference 1977 Academic Topological Data Structures Conference The Era of Commercialization 1981 Commercial ArcInfo launched 1984 Academic Basic readings in GIS published 1985 Technology GPS operational 1986 Acdemic Principles of GIS for Land Resources Assessment published 1986 Commercial MapInfo. Corp. formed 1987 Academic International journal of GIScience introduced 1987 general Chorley Report 1988 general GISWOrld begins 1988 Technology TIGER announced 1988 Academic US and UK research centers announced 1991 Academic Big Book 1 published 1992 Technical DCW released 1994 general executive ordered by president Clinton 1994 general OpenGIS Consortium born 1996 Technology Internet GIS products introduced 1996 Commercial MapQuest 1999 general GIS Day The Era of Exploitation 2000 Commercial GIS passes $7 bn 2000 general GIS has 1 million users

    23. GIS is used to improve many of our day-to-day working and living arrangements. -Can be used to foster effective short and long term decision-making -Has great practical importance -Can be applied to many socio-economic and environmental problems -Supports measurement, management, monitoring, and modeling operations -Generates measurable economic benefits -Requires key management skills for effective implementation -Provides a challenging and stimulating educational experience for students -Can be used to generate direct income -Can be combined with other technologies -Dynamic, stimulating area in which to work GIS is used to improve many of our day-to-day working and living arrangements. -Can be used to foster effective short and long term decision-making -Has great practical importance -Can be applied to many socio-economic and environmental problems -Supports measurement, management, monitoring, and modeling operations -Generates measurable economic benefits -Requires key management skills for effective implementation -Provides a challenging and stimulating educational experience for students -Can be used to generate direct income -Can be combined with other technologies -Dynamic, stimulating area in which to work

    24. Why GIS? -Wider availability of GIS through the internet, as well as organization-wide local area networks -Reductions in the price of GIS hardware and software -Greater awareness of why decision-making has a geographic dimension -Greater ease of user interaction, using standard windowing environments -Better technology to support applications, specifically in terms of visualization, Data management and analysis, and linkage to other software -The proliferation of geographically referenced digital data, such as GPS -Availability of packaged applications -The accumulated experience of applications that work Why GIS? -Wider availability of GIS through the internet, as well as organization-wide local area networks -Reductions in the price of GIS hardware and software -Greater awareness of why decision-making has a geographic dimension -Greater ease of user interaction, using standard windowing environments -Better technology to support applications, specifically in terms of visualization, Data management and analysis, and linkage to other software -The proliferation of geographically referenced digital data, such as GPS -Availability of packaged applications -The accumulated experience of applications that work

    25. GIS is fundamentally about solving real-world problems. What are the goals of applied problem solving? -Rational, effective, and efficient allocation of resources, for example physical construction of infrastructure -Monitoring and understanding observed spatial distributions of attributes, such as the geography of environmental health -Understanding the difference that place makes, identifying which characteristics are inherently similar between places, and what is distinctive and possibly unique about them For example, regional and local differences in alcohol consumption -Understanding of processes in the natural and human environments, such as processes of coastal erosion or river delta deposition in the natural environment -Prescription of strategies for environmental maintenance and conservation, as in national park management GIS is fundamentally about solving real-world problems. What are the goals of applied problem solving? -Rational, effective, and efficient allocation of resources, for example physical construction of infrastructure -Monitoring and understanding observed spatial distributions of attributes, such as the geography of environmental health -Understanding the difference that place makes, identifying which characteristics are inherently similar between places, and what is distinctive and possibly unique about them For example, regional and local differences in alcohol consumption -Understanding of processes in the natural and human environments, such as processes of coastal erosion or river delta deposition in the natural environment -Prescription of strategies for environmental maintenance and conservation, as in national park management

    26. GIS Applications Traditional: Military, government, education, utilities Developing: Mid 1990s, Business uses, such as banking, financial services, transportation logistics, real estate, market analysis New forward-looking applications: Small office/home office and personal or consumer applications GIS USe Innovators: Risk takers, 1970s researchers, universities Early adapters: Opinion formers or role models, military and Gov. 1980s Early majority: Willing to consider adoption only after peers have Adapted. Mid 1990s business people Late majority: overwhelming pressure from peers is needed before adoption occurs Traditional laggards: People oriented to the past GIS Applications Traditional: Military, government, education, utilities Developing: Mid 1990s, Business uses, such as banking, financial services, transportation logistics, real estate, market analysis New forward-looking applications: Small office/home office and personal or consumer applications GIS USe Innovators: Risk takers, 1970s researchers, universities Early adapters: Opinion formers or role models, military and Gov. 1980s Early majority: Willing to consider adoption only after peers have Adapted. Mid 1990s business people Late majority: overwhelming pressure from peers is needed before adoption occurs Traditional laggards: People oriented to the past

    27. Representative application areas Local Government Business, and service planning Logistics (transportation, etc) Environment Representative Application Areas Local Government Business, and service planning Logistics (transportation, etc) EnvironmentRepresentative Application Areas Local Government Business, and service planning Logistics (transportation, etc) Environment

    28. GIS applications in Local government Economic development Transportation and Service Routing Housing Infrastructure Health Tax Maps Human Services Law Enforcement Land use planning Parks and Recreation Environmental Monitoring Emergency Management Geodemographics GIS applications in Local government Economic development Transportation and Service Routing Housing Infrastructure Health Tax Maps Human Services Law Enforcement Land use planning Parks and Recreation Environmental Monitoring Emergency Management Geodemographics GIS applications in Local government Economic development Transportation and Service Routing Housing Infrastructure Health Tax Maps Human Services Law Enforcement Land use planning Parks and Recreation Environmental Monitoring Emergency Management Geodemographics

    29. Business and Service planning (Retailing) Focus on the use of geographic data to provide operational, tactical, and strategic context to decisions that involve the fundamental questions, where? Geodemographics, composite indicators of Consumer behavior For example, distribution of retail outlets Business and Service planning (Retailing) Focus on the use of geographic data to provide operational, tactical, and strategic context to decisions that involve the fundamental questions, where? Geodemographics, composite indicators of Consumer behavior For example, distribution of retail outletsBusiness and Service planning(Retailing) Focus on the use of geographic data to provide operational, tactical, and strategic context to decisions that involve the fundamental questions, where? Geodemographics, composite indicators of Consumer behavior For example, distribution of retail outlets

    30. Logistics Fields of logistics that deal with the movement of goods and people from one place to another, and the infrastructure (highways, canals, railroads) Parcel delivery companies, shipping companies Where to place their sorting warehouses, facilities that transfer goods from one mode to another (from truck to ship) Logistics Fields of logistics that deal with the movement of goods and people from one place to another, and the infrastructure (highways, canals, railroads) Parcel delivery companies, shipping companies Where to place their sorting warehouses, facilities that transfer goods from one mode to another (from truck to ship) Logistics Fields of logistics that deal with the movement of goods and people from one place to another, and the infrastructure (highways, canals, railroads) Parcel delivery companies, shipping companies Where to place their sorting warehouses, facilities that transfer goods from one mode to another (from truck to ship)

    31. Environmental Applications Strong motivating force in the development of the very first GIS CGIS was driven by the need for policies over the use of land -GAP analysis, protection of endangered species -Modeling nitrogen runoff in the Rhine basin -Land cover and land use analysis -Deforestation Environmental Applications Strong motivating force in the development of the very first GIS CGIS was driven by the need for policies over the use of land -GAP analysis, protection of endangered species -Modeling nitrogen runoff in the Rhine basin -Land cover and land use analysis -Deforestation Environmental Applications Strong motivating force in the development of the very first GIS CGIS was driven by the need for policies over the use of land -GAP analysis, protection of endangered species -Modeling nitrogen runoff in the Rhine basin -Land cover and land use analysis -Deforestation

    32. What Are Some Industries Using GIS Solutions Electric/Gas Utilities Business/Marketing Telecommunications Transportation Logistics Petroleum & Mining Pipeline Water & Wastewater Health Care Federal Government National Agencies Environmental Mgmt. Local Government What Are Some Industries Using GIS Solutions Electric/Gas Utilities Business/Marketing Telecommunications Transportation Logistics Petroleum & Mining Pipeline Water & Wastewater Health Care Federal Government National Agencies Environmental Mgmt. Local Government Public Sector Retail Military/Intelligence CAD Mapping Land Use Planning Real Estate & Cadastral Site Location Agriculture Forestry Land Use Planning Risk Management What Are Some Industries Using GIS Solutions Electric/Gas Utilities Business/Marketing Telecommunications Transportation Logistics Petroleum & Mining Pipeline Water & Wastewater Health Care Federal Government National Agencies Environmental Mgmt. Local Government Public Sector Retail Military/Intelligence CAD Mapping Land Use Planning Real Estate & Cadastral Site Location Agriculture Forestry Land Use Planning Risk Management

    33. Social Factors Biodiversity Engineering Land Use Environmental ConsiderationsSocial Factors Biodiversity Engineering Land Use Environmental Considerations

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