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Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

Aggregating Data Using Group Functions. What Are Group Functions?. EMP. Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group. DEPTNO SAL --------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100

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Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

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  1. Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

  2. What Are Group Functions? EMP • Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group. DEPTNO SAL --------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100 20 3000 20 3000 20 2975 30 1600 30 2850 30 1250 30 950 30 1500 30 1250 MAX(SAL) --------- 5000 “maximum salary in the EMP table”

  3. Types of Group Functions • AVG • COUNT • MAX • MIN • STDDEV • SUM • VARIANCE

  4. Using Group Functions SELECT [column,] group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY column] [ORDER BY column];

  5. Using AVG and SUM Functions • You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data. SQL> SELECT AVG(sal), MAX(sal), 2 MIN(sal), SUM(sal) 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%'; AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL) -------- --------- --------- --------- 1400 1600 1250 5600

  6. Using MIN and MAX Functions • You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype. SQL> SELECT MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate) 2 FROM emp; MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED --------- --------- 17-DEC-80 12-JAN-83

  7. Using the COUNT Function • COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table. SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 30; COUNT(*) --------- 6

  8. Using the COUNT Function • COUNT(expr) returns the number of nonnull rows. SQL> SELECT COUNT(comm) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 30; COUNT(COMM) ----------- 4

  9. 2916.6667 2175 1566.6667 Creating Groups of Data EMP DEPTNO SAL --------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100 20 3000 20 3000 20 2975 30 1600 30 2850 30 1250 30 950 30 1500 30 1250 DEPTNO AVG(SAL) ------- --------- 10 2916.6667 20 2175 30 1566.6667 “averagesalary in EMPtable for each department”

  10. Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause • Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause. SELECT column, group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY group_by_expression] [ORDER BY column];

  11. Using the GROUP BY Clause • All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause. SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno; DEPTNO AVG(SAL) --------- --------- 10 2916.6667 20 2175 30 1566.6667

  12. Using the GROUP BY Clause • The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list. SQL> SELECT AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno; AVG(SAL) --------- 2916.6667 2175 1566.6667

  13. Grouping by More Than One Column EMP DEPTNO JOB SAL --------- --------- --------- 10 MANAGER 2450 10 PRESIDENT 5000 10 CLERK 1300 20 CLERK 800 20 CLERK 1100 20 ANALYST 3000 20 ANALYST 3000 20 MANAGER 2975 30 SALESMAN 1600 30 MANAGER 2850 30 SALESMAN 1250 30 CLERK 950 30 SALESMAN 1500 30 SALESMAN 1250 DEPTNO -------- 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30 30 JOB SUM(SAL) --------- --------- CLERK 1300 MANAGER 2450 PRESIDENT 5000 ANALYST 6000 CLERK 1900 MANAGER 2975 CLERK 950 MANAGER 2850 SALESMAN 5600 “sum salaries in the EMP tablefor each job, grouped by department”

  14. Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns SQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno, job; DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 10 CLERK 1300 10 MANAGER 2450 10 PRESIDENT 5000 20 ANALYST 6000 20 CLERK 1900 ... 9 rows selected.

  15. Illegal Queries Using Group Functions • Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause. SQL> SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) 2 FROM emp; Column missing in the GROUP BY clause SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

  16. Illegal Queries Using Group Functions • You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups. • You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups. SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 4 GROUP BY deptno; Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 * ERROR at line 3: ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here

  17. 5000 3000 2850 Excluding Group Results EMP DEPTNO SAL --------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100 20 3000 20 3000 20 2975 30 1600 30 2850 30 1250 30 950 30 1500 30 1250 “maximumsalaryper department greater than$2900” DEPTNO MAX(SAL) --------- --------- 10 5000 20 3000

  18. Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause • Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups • Rows are grouped. • The group function is applied. • Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed. SELECT column, group_function FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY group_by_expression] [HAVING group_condition] [ORDER BY column];

  19. Using the HAVING Clause SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno 4 HAVING max(sal)>2900; DEPTNO MAX(SAL) --------- --------- 10 5000 20 3000

  20. Using the HAVING Clause SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%' 4 GROUP BY job 5 HAVING SUM(sal)>5000 6 ORDER BY SUM(sal); JOB PAYROLL --------- --------- ANALYST 6000 MANAGER 8275

  21. Subqueries

  22. Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem • “Who has a salary greater than Jones’?” Main Query “Which employees have a salary greater than Jones’ salary?” ? Subquery ? “What is Jones’ salary?”

  23. Subqueries SELECT select_list FROM table WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list FROM table); • The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. • The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query).

  24. 2975 Using a Subquery SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal > 4 (SELECT sal 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno=7566); ENAME ---------- KING FORD SCOTT

  25. Main query returns Subquery • Multiple-row subquery Main query CLERK MANAGER returns Subquery • Multiple-column subquery Main query returns CLERK 7900MANAGER 7698 Subquery Types of Subqueries • Single-row subquery CLERK

  26. Single-Row Subqueries • Return only one row • Use single-row comparison operators Operator = > >= < <= <> Meaning Equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to

  27. CLERK 1100 Executing Single-Row Subqueries SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno = 7369) 7 AND sal > 8 (SELECT sal 9 FROM emp 10 WHERE empno = 7876); ENAME JOB ---------- --------- MILLER CLERK

  28. 800 Using Group Functions in a Subquery SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp); ENAME JOB SAL ---------- --------- --------- SMITH CLERK 800

  29. 800 HAVING Clause with Subqueries • The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. • The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. SQL> SELECT deptno, MIN(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno 4 HAVING MIN(sal) > 5 (SELECT MIN(sal) 6 FROM emp 7 WHERE deptno = 20);

  30. What Is Wrong with This Statement? SQL> SELECT empno, ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp 6 GROUP BY deptno); Single-row operator with multiple-row subquery ERROR: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more thanone row no rows selected

  31. Will This Statement Work? SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE ename='SMYTHE'); no rows selected Subquery returns no values

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