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Access in Pediatric CRRT

Access in Pediatric CRRT. Patrick D Brophy MD Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation CS Mott Children’s Hospital University of Michigan. From Gina. The System is Down due to poor Access!. My first choice is…. Access. If you don’t have it you might as well go home.

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Access in Pediatric CRRT

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  1. Access in Pediatric CRRT Patrick D Brophy MD Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation CS Mott Children’s Hospital University of Michigan

  2. From Gina

  3. The System is Down due to poor Access!

  4. My first choice is….

  5. Access • If you don’t have it you might as well go home. • This is the most important aspect of CVVH therapy. • Adequacy. • Filter life. • Increased blood loss. • Staff satisfaction.

  6. Vascular Access • Ideal Catheter Characteristics • Easy Insertion • Permits Adequate Blood Flow without Vessel Damage • Minimal Technical Flaws • High Recirculation Rate • Kinking • Shorter and Larger Catheters SIZE DOES MATTER • Lower Resistance • Improved Bloodflow

  7. Pediatric CRRT Vascular Access:Performance = Blood Flow • Minimum 30 to 50 ml/min to minimize access and filter clotting • Maximum rate of 400 ml/min/1.73m2 or • 10-12 ml/kg/min in neonates and infants • 4-6 ml/kg/min in children • 2-4 ml/kg/min in adolescents

  8. Venous Access for CRRT • Match catheter size to patient size and anatomical site • One dual- or triple-lumen or two single lumen uncuffed catheters • Sites • femoral • internal jugular • avoid sub-clavian vein if possible

  9. Catheter Position • No Right or Wrong Choice of Placement • FACTORS • Clinical expertise • Body Habitus • Other catheters (Citrate anticoag-triple preferred) • Coagulopathy • Intra-abdominal distension

  10. Catheter Position • Internal Jugular-Right- aim for RA to secure adequate BFR • Subclavian-Patient mobility? Most frequent site of inadequate performance -catheter curves and abutts against SVC-Vein collapses against catheter due to positional/volume change • Femoral- optimal position in tip of IVC

  11. Relatively larger vessel may allow for larger catheter higher flows Ease of placement No risk of pneumothorax Preserve potential future vessels for chronic HD Shorter femoral catheters with increased % recirculation Poor performance in patients with ascites/increased abdominal pressure Trauma to venous anastamosis site for future transplant Vascular Access for Pediatric CRRT: Pros and Cons of Femoral Site PROS CONS

  12. Tip placement in right atrium decreases recirculation Not affected by ascites Preserve potential vein needed for transplant SCV stenosis (SCV) Superior vena cava syndrome Risk of pneumothorax in patients with high PEEP Trauma to veins needed potentially for future HD access Vascular Access for Pediatric CRRT: Pros and Cons of IJ/SCV Site PROS CONS

  13. Femoral versus IJ catheter performance • 26 femoral • 19 > 20 cm • 7 < 20cm • 13 IJ • Qb 250 ml/min (ultrasound dilution) • Recirculation measurement by ultrasound dilution method Little et al: AJKD 36:1135-9, 2000

  14. Femoral versus IJ catheter performance * p<0.001 ** p<0.007 Little et al: AJKD 36:1135-9, 2000

  15. How can you tell if you have a problem before starting? Check placement first, then use syringe to test resistance and blood return. What if you have problems during treatment? Check line for kink, then assess patients position or need for sedation. Troubleshooting Access

  16. Access • Clotting or sluggish catheter. • tPA (tissue plasminogen activator). (Spry et al., Dialysis&Transplantation. Jan. 2001). • Normal saline flush. • Reason to replace catheter. • Clotted catheter with no response to tPA. • Exit site blood leakage with no response to pressure dressing. • Severe kinked catheter. • Bad re-circulation issues.

  17. Pressures • Arterial or outflow pressures • High negative pressure = access problem. • High positive pressure = filter problem. • Moderate to high positive pressure + high return (venous) pressure = access problem. • Venous or return pressures • Moderate to high positive pressure + high arterial pressure = filter problem. • High return pressure + moderate arterial pressure = access

  18. Vascular Access for Pediatric CRRT:Some Final Thoughts • Catheters with poor function will function poorly… over and over and over and over • Balance between surgical/ICU expertise (preference?) and the necessary evils dictated by the patient • high PEEP… femoral catheter? • massive ascites… IJ catheter? • available sites… are there any? • Which vessel are you willing to traumatize?

  19. Conclusions • Poor Access-- May as well stop • Choice- patient size and optimal flows • Site- IJ/Femoral -recommended • Care- Local standard + Lock issues- heparin • Troubleshooting- anticipate, what is the machine saying? • Happy Hemofiltering!

  20. Thanks! • Stu Goldstein • Tim Bunchman • Theresa Mottes • Tim Kudelka • Betsy Adams • Tammy Kelly • Robin Nievaard

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