Britain: Context 3 Women's Suffrage

1. Britain: Context 3Women's Suffrage Key Q – Why did some women get the vote in Britain in 1918?

2. Learning Intention Explain why some women received the vote in 1918. Success Criteria (I can) Build up notes on the topic of women’s suffrage. Plan a 22 mark essay Attempt to evaluate the significance of different factors.

3. The essay • In 1918, the Representation of the People Actgave women in Britain the right to vote for the first time • These women had to over 30 plus be married, own property or a University graduate. • Historians debate the reasons why women were given the vote. It is your job to (1) explain all of the reasons; but also (2) to judge which are more important than others.

4. Background (2 points need for intro) • During the 19th century many laws were passed which made Britain more democratic by enfranchising men, but women were never given the right to vote in elections. • Most men, including those in government, believed women were uneducated, unworldly, fickle, immature and understood little about the world of politics, economics and business. • A woman’s place was believed to be at home in the role of wife and mother; men and women were seen as operating in separate ‘spheres’ or worlds; men in politics and women in motherhood. • Women wanted the vote as it gave them a voice nationally and they needed it to force greater change for women in Britain.

5. The arguments for women getting the vote ‘The Factors’ • Changing attitudes to women in society • The Suffragists • The Suffragettes • War Work • Foreign Influence You should aim to cover 4 of these in your essay; but you must know all of them in case it is the isolated factor.

6. Essay Questions 2018 2016 The Suffragettes did little to help achieve votes for some women in 1918. How valid is this view? 2014

8. Changing Attitude: Knowledge Even towards the late 19th century things had been improving for women slightly in terms of the law & their opportunities. • In 1882 & 1893 Womens Property Acts gave women full legal control of all property they owned at marriage or that they had inherited or earned whilst married • In the 1870s universal primary education became compulsory for boys and girls • University became more accessible for women with many universities allowing women through their doors for the first time to study degree courses and there were even female colleges, i.e. Girton College at Cambridge • From 1894, women could vote in local elections if they paid taxes and could stand as a candidate for elections • ‘white collar jobs’ involving typing and clerical work in offices and banks opened up and created career opportunities for women who tended to be preferred by employers; many women entered nursing and teaching professions too

9. Changing Attitude: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This led to women receiving the vote because the status of women in society was improving as they gained more rights, became more educated and participated in local politics, whilst prejudiced attitudes of males were improving towards women. • It shows women progressing towards the vote as they were proving their competence in many areas and proving that there was nothing to fear by giving women the vote – they were reversing the view that women were too stupid, irresponsible and immature for politics

10. Changing Attitude: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, even though women were making some progress they were still expected to leave their jobs when they were married (the marriage bar). Women were not awarded degrees by universities and the numbers of women serving on local councils was very small – 24 out of 11,140 • In addition, many middle class women in the late 19th century cared little for womens’ rights and were horrified that women wanted to advance their position in society – even Queen Victoria called women’s rights a ‘mad, wicked folly’ in 1870

11. A(up to 3/6) and A+(6/6) Basic Analysis: This shows that… This is important because… Analysis+ On one hand…however on the other hand…

12. Task:write your paragraph on changing attitudes (15 min) Success Criteria • A topic sentence i.e. One reason women got the vote was changing attitudes.. • At least two points of knowledge (RAD) • One point of basic analysis • One point of Analysis + ‘On the one hand…however on the other hand P29-30

13. Example paragraph Some historians argue that women received the vote in 1918 due to changing attitudes of society towards women. In 1870 education became compulsory for all boys and girls and by 1914 349 all girls secondary schools had been opened (K). This led to women being seen as more educated and some even went on to receive a college education, Girton college in Cambridge opened as the first all women's university in 1869 (K). This was important step towards women getting the vote as they were seen as more educated and able to take part in political discussions, giving them the vote would not be too much for their minds (A). Women also improved their status and from 1894 could vote in local council elections, and even stand as a candidate (K). Historians argue this was an important step forward in women receiving the full vote as parliamentary elections were the next logical step and women proved that they were responsible enough to vote. However, despite being allowed to stand in elections only 24 out of 11,140 councillors voted in were women by 1912, this shows that although some laws had changed, the attitude of all men in society towards women in politics had not (A+). Furthermore even Queen Victoria was quoted as saying that women's rights was a ‘mad wicked folly’ showing that some women also disagreed with the increasing rights and responsibility of women such as the vote (A)

14. The Suffragists: Knowledge • The National Union of Womens’ Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) was founded in 1897 under the leadership of Millicent Fawcett and campaigned for women’s suffrage • They believed in moderate, peaceful tactics or ‘peaceful persuasion to win the vote for middle class women and were nicknamed ‘The Suffragists’ • They used a campaign of meetings, pamphlets, petitions and parliamentary bills which were introduced by sympathetic backbench MPs • Their membership was around 53,000 by 1914 and they reached agreements of mutual support with some male Trade Unions and the new Labour Party

16. Analysis – how does this image link to changing attitudes?

17. Suffragists: Analysis Analysis (basic) • The suffragists were important in woman gaining the vote because they impressed many British people, including thousands of men, and showed that they were intelligent, capable and trustworthy women capable of organising a successful nationwide campaign. • The NUWSS were successful in winning the support and respect of many important MPs and future PM David Lloyd George and have been credited with turning the tide in parliament towards women's’ suffrage.

18. Suffragists: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, many historians have claimed that the suffragist campaign was tedious and slow moving and was easily ignored by politicians and the suffragists were never able to achieve the publicity of the Suffragettes • In addition, some historians claim that the NUWSS membership was only so high in 1914 because many women had become disillusioned with the Suffragettes during their ‘wild period’ and switched groups. (link to other factors)

19. Task:write your paragraph on the NUWSS (suffragists)(10 min) Success Criteria • A topic sentence i.e. ‘Another factor to consider in the gaining of women's rights were peaceful, co-ordinated campaigns of the NUWSS.’ • At least two points of knowledge • One point of basic analysis • One point of Analysis + ‘On the one hand…however on the other hand P33

20. Starter – Name 3 • Steps forward that women had made in the 1800s which showed attitudes were changing… • Ways that the Suffragists campaigned for the vote… • Ways you get marks in a Higher History essay…

21. Learning Intention Explain why some women received the vote in 1918. Success Criteria (I can) Build up notes on the topic of women’s suffrage. Plan a 22 mark essay Attempt to evaluate the significance of different factors.

22. The Suffragettes: Knowledge • Emmeline Pankhurst was a NUWSS (suffragist) member who became tired of the slow progress and formed the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia in 1903 • They had the motto ‘deeds not words’ and wanted to use more militant tactics to breathe new life into the campaign – disrupting meetings, heckling MPs, chalking slogans on streets • In 1905 they made headlines when Sir Edward Grey a government ministerwas heckled noisily and the two WSPU members responsible were arrested following a struggle and prisoned – the Daily Mail nicknamed them The Suffragettes

23. The Suffragettes: Knowledge • When anti women’s suffrage HH Asquith became Prime Minister in 1908, the Suffragettes entered their ‘wild period’ as a protest • They smashed windows, poured acid into letterboxes, carried out arson attacks, sent letter bombs and security was tightened up across the country i.e. at Holyrood Palace • In 1909, Suffragette Marion Dunlop started a hunger strike campaign in prison designed to embarrass the government if or when a Suffragette died in their care – women were violently force fed by doctors through tubes • In June 1913, Suffragette Emily Davison died after running out in front of the King’s Horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby whilst waving a flag of Green, White & Violet(GWV=Give Women Votes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-W_URTWjgR0

26. Suffragettes:Analysis Analysis (basic) • It cannot be denied that the Suffragettes succeeded in their aim of publicity; they regularly made national headlines, were talked about in parliament and were almost unavoidable through their violent methods. • The Suffragettes certainly caused much trouble for the government and did force the government to act to try and save face – the Cat and Mouse Act was passed in 1913 to let hunger striking women out of jail temporarily until their health recovered. • The lengths the Suffragettes went to gained support and admiration from many people across the country and some people may have believed women should get the vote in order to end the disruptive militant campaign.

27. Suffragettes: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, many historians have claimed that the Suffragettes actually held back progress for women because they reinforced the idea that women were irresponsible, immature and unable to cope with responsibility. • Many MPs were outraged at the law-breaking campaign of the WSPU and changed their mind about giving women the vote – Lord Robert Cecil said in parliament the Suffragettes had brought disgrace upon women. • Some historians argue that the Suffragettes also undermined the progress that the Suffragists had made between 1897 and 1903 and actually caused votes for women to regress due to their bad behaviour.

28. Task:write your paragraph on the Suffragettes (WSPU) (15 min) Success Criteria • A topic sentence – Another factor that cannot be ignored was the violent protests of the suffragettes • At least two points of knowledge • One point of basic analysis • One point of Analysis + ‘On the one hand…however on the other hand P 34-37

29. War Work: Knowledge • Two days after war was declared on Germany in August 1914, both suffrage groups announced a suspension of their political campaigns for the duration of the war (Link factors) • The Suffragettes were given £2000 by the government to stage a march and a propaganda campaign demanding ‘Womens’ Right to Serve’ and help the war effort • The Suffragettes even changed the name of their newspaper from The Suffragette to Britannica and they focussed on patriotism rather than feminism for the duration of the war

30. War Work: Knowledge • Women's war work was important to Britain’s ability to fight and win and women stepped into the gaps where around 3million men went to fight • Women worked as conductors on trams & trains, as typists and secretaries and 20,000 women worked in government departments • Over 700,000 women worked in munitions where explosions were commonplace and TNT poisoning caused women to be nicknamed ‘canaries’ (around 400 women died form TNT poisoning during WWI) • By 1917, 25,000 were working on farms with around 23,000 In the ‘Womens’ Land Army’growing food for those at home and soldiers at war.

31. War Work: Analysis Analysis (basic) • The work that women did was of major national importance and everyone in Britain was thankful to the nation’s women for the role they had played in winning the war- it was believed Britain couldn’t have won without the women • Historians have put the ‘reward theory’ – that women were given the vote as a reward for their hard work in the war and the 1918 timing of the vote and end of war might support that – the government certainly would have felt the need to do something as the vast majority of women were sacked when men returned from war.

32. War Work: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, it does seem a strange ‘reward’ because the women given the vote were 30+ whereas the majority of women who did war work were in their 20s so not actually rewarded with the vote • Other historians have said that the reward theory is ‘too simple’ as a lot of the groundwork for women getting the vote was done by the suffrage groups and pre war changes and the war was merely a ‘catalyst’ which served to change the views of politicians who still opposed women’s suffrage • It is certainly true that it would be easier for MPs to award the vote to ‘heroines’ in 1918 than ‘terrorists’ in 1914 so perhaps the war made it more publicly acceptable to give women the vote

33. Task:write your paragraph on War work (15 min) Success Criteria • A topic sentence – When considering why women got the vote it is impossible to ignore the effort and momentum gained by womens war work. • At least two points of knowledge • One point of basic analysis • One point of Analysis + ‘On the one hand…however on the other hand Can you link in to other factors? P 38

34. Foreign Influence • During the 19th century, Britain saw itself as the ‘cradle (mother) of democracy’ and one of the most politically advanced societies in the world; Britain’s empire included around 1/3 of the world – colonies such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada • However, more democratic nations around the world had declared women’s suffrage much earlier on. For example, New Zealand granted women’s suffrage in 1893, Finland in 1872 and Norway in 1907. • In addition, the Russian revolution in 1917 saw the autocratic Tsar who denied people democracy ousted in a bloody revolution and killed by the poorer Bolsheviks in Russia, which sent shockwaves and fear of revolution around the world

35. Foreign Influence: Analysis Analysis (basic) • As the most developed nation in the world and a ‘Great Power’ it was embarrassing for Britain that other countries appeared to be overtaking Britain in terms of democracy, particularly when the government argued that WWI was fought to protect democracy in Europe – Britain could not ‘lag behind’ • The fact that women had been enfranchised abroad, particularly in colonies like New Zealand, may have added pressure to politicians and certainly given hope and renewed enthusiasm to the suffrage campaigns – • The fear of revolution was a real one in Britain and middle class Brits were terrified of Communism, it may be the case that the Rent Strikes in Glasgow in 1915 had added to government’s fears that the working class and women would not wait patiently for the vote forever

36. Foreign Influence: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, there exists no evidence to say that foreign influence played any part in the government’s decision to extend the franchise in 1918 and no evidence to say it was even discussed by MPs in parliament. • In addition, France never gave women the vote until 1945. This shows that both the war effort and foreign countries were not as significant of factors as not all nations were enfranchising women.

38. Most significant factor? Further reading • BBC History Magazine - Experts debate effectiveness of suffragette violence • John D Clare - Did the suffragettes help? • The debate – what factor was the most important in granting women the vote?

39. Essay Questions • Women is an example of an isolated factor essay – this means the SQA will ask you whether women got the vote because of a specific factor (one of the 5 we cover) • You must talk about the factor in the question BUT you do not need to agree it is the most important. Examples To what extent was the extension of the franchise to women in 1918 due to the suffrage movements? How far can it be argued that women received the vote in 1918 due to their war work? ‘The extension of the franchise to women in 1918 was due to the campaigning of the Suffragists’. Discuss.

40. Line of Argument • In your answer you must refer to the factor asked. However if you do not think that is important you do not have to write a paragraph on it. For example – To what extent was foreign influence the most important reason for some women getting the vote in 1918? • Answer – this essay will argue that foreign influence was not important, but instead _____ that was the most important reason (LoA). It will also consider the role of _____, _______ & _________.

41. Evaluation • A good way to approach trying to get the final 4 marks for evaluation is to take your factors (5 in this case) and rank them from most important to least important • Try to come up with a reason Why each is in that place (not why it is important but why it is more or less important) • A priority pyramid can be a good technique to use – try to relate every factor back to your most important (Line of Argument)

42. Line of Argument – War Work most significant factor.

43. Evaluation E1 and E2 - 2 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which relate to individual factors Example – Upon evaluation, women’s war work is the most important factor in getting the vote because WWI was a pivotal event of the 20th century and it finally proved to all Brits that women were useful, needed, responsible and the war would not have been won without them. An example of this is woman’s work in munitions factories where they risked their health to help the country win the war. This proved how worthy they were of the vote. You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’. This means you have to introduce new Knowledge to explain clearly why your LoA is the most important factor

44. Evaluation + E+ - up to 4 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which show the relative importance between factors (i.e. you compare two) Example – Upon evaluation, the suffragettes were less important than womens’ war work because they actually brought disgrace and shame upon women through their law breaking and militancy and they needed the war to save the group’s reputation due to the change in attitude towards them once they supported the war effort. An example of this was setting up the newspaper the Britannica which encouraged Brits to do their part in the war effort. You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’ Remember evaluation is really tricky and many candidates get 0/4 but still get an A!

45. 2016 Past Paper 22 (3) Introduction– B.A.T (6) Knowledge– Relevant Accurate Detailed (6) Analysis – Both sides of argument about each factor. Links between factors (4) Evaluation– Clear Line of Argument throughout essay. Compare significance to main factor (3) Conclusion– Balance of factors, link each to LoA and 2 pieces of evidence to support https://prezi.com/xul1u-izpfks/higher-history-essay-writing/

46. Introduction – B.A.T (3) • Background(give 2-3 sentences of what life was like for women in the 19th century and how they finally received the vote in 1918) ‘During the 19th century…’ • Argument(what will you be arguing is most important reason for this was?) This essay will establish that the most important factor for this was…because…(link to the isolated factor in question) • Topics(what are the factors in the essay?) There were many important factors in women receiving the vote such as… (a list with minimal detail is fine)

47. Conclusion – Compare each factor to LoA • In conclusion, there were many reasons that contributed to some women receiving the vote in 1918, the most important was LoA. • Although *factor* was important in ………, LoA more significant as - • Also some consider *factor* to be a key reason as……but again less important than LoA because……… • This clearly shows that LoA was the most important factor because - (back up why it is so important and it should be clear why it outweighs the other factors. Need at least two reasons here!)