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How to write an effective conclusion

How to write an effective conclusion. Also known as putting it all together. What is a conclusion?. A conclusion is a summary of the experiment. It is putting the hypothesis together with the data and coming up with a conclusion or ending thought.

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How to write an effective conclusion

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  1. How to write an effective conclusion Also known as putting it all together

  2. What is a conclusion? • A conclusion is a summary of the experiment. It is putting the hypothesis together with the data and coming up with a conclusion or ending thought. • It is a written answer to the original question.

  3. So was your hypothesis right, wrong or indifferent? Accept or reject your hypothesis Does the data support the hypothesis? If it does-we accept the hypothesis If it doesn’t-we reject the hypothesis

  4. Now provide evidence Provide actual data in sentence form that backs up your previous statement.

  5. Conclusions Three Parts... Interpretation of Data What do all of these numbers mean? Do they make sense? Why or why not? How do the results relate to the topic at hand?

  6. Conclusions Analysis of Hypotheses • Did your data support your hypotheses? • Remember: To be a Valid Experiment: • Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups • There should be only one variable

  7. Conclusions – Continued Again Error Analysis what factors skewed your data? how wrong is wrong? Precision vs. Accuracy if your data is accurate it is close to true value if your data is precise it is consistent from trial to trial

  8. Precision vs. Accuracy • This is precise but not accurate

  9. Precision vs. Accuracy This is precise and accurate

  10. Data We tested the strength of 3 types of tissues with marbles.

  11. More Data Mass of Marbles Tissue Held in Grams

  12. Mass of Marbles Tissue Held in Grams

  13. Results Data from the three trials shows that the generic tissue held an average of 8 marbles with a mass of 46 grams. The Puffs tissue held an average of 52 marbles with a mass of 284 grams. The Kleenex tissue held an average of 13 marbles with a mass of 70 grams.

  14. Now you do it….. • Write you own conclusion. • Make sure you include the three parts: • Interpretation of data • Evaluate hypothesis • Were there errors?

  15. Conclusion This project investigated the different costs for tissue and its effect on the tissue quality of having more strength in holding marbles. It was hypothesized that if the Puffs tissues are the most expensive then they are the strongest and will hold the most marbles. The data supports the hypothesis. In all three trials Puffs tissue held the most marbles. Puffs held an average of 52 marbles, which was 39 more marbles than the average 13 that Kleenex held, and was 44 marbles more than the Publix brand’s average of 8 marbles. The average mass of the marbles that the Puffs held was 284 grams. This was 214 more grams than the Kleenex’s mass of 70 gram and 238 more grams than the Publix’s 46 grams.

  16. Reliability Versus Validity

  17. Reliability Reliable data is evidence you can trust. If someone else did the same experiment, they would get the same result. Your evidence will be more reliable if you repeat your readings. For example…

  18. Reliability For example: 3 students measure the time for 1 swing of a pendulum: • Jo measures 1 swing. • Emma measures 1 swing, but 20 times, and calculates the average (mean) time. • Jack measures 20 swings and divides the time by 20. Physics for You page 359 Discuss which method is the most reliable, and why.

  19. Validity Valid data is evidence that is reliable and which is relevant to the question being investigated. Just being reliable evidence is not enough. The evidence has to be relevant as well. For example…

  20. Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 2 Measuring the extension of a spring to find the force pulling on it? Yes, this is valid evidence.

  21. N S N S Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 1 Measuring the length of a magnet to decide its strength? No, this is not valid evidence. A long magnet can be strong or weak, and a short magnet can be strong or weak.

  22. Validity Discuss which of the following is valid evidence: Example 3 Measuring the volume of a firework to find the energy in it? No, this is not valid evidence. A large or a small firework can have a lot of energy or very little energy,depending on the chemicals inside.

  23. Secondary evidence Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. I can be consider BIAS or influenced by opinion. You may find it in a book or on the internet BUT You should always check to see if it is reliable and valid. For example…

  24. Secondary evidence Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. Example 1 Some data on the pollution from a car is published by the car manufacturer. Would you trust this evidence, without further data?

  25. Secondary evidence Secondary evidence is data collected by someone else. Example 2 Some data on the radiation emitted from a mobile phone is published by the phone company. Would you trust this evidence, without further data?

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