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Bus structures

Bus structures. Unit objectives Describe the primary types of buses Define interrupt, IRQ, I/O address, DMA, and base memory address Describe the features and functions of the PCI bus, and install and configure a PCI adapter card

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Bus structures

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  1. Bus structures Unit objectives • Describe the primary types of buses • Define interrupt, IRQ, I/O address, DMA, and base memory address • Describe the features and functions of the PCI bus, and install and configure a PCI adapter card • Describe the features and functions of the various video buses, and install and configure an AGP adapter card

  2. Topic A • Topic A: Buses • Topic B: Host system interaction • Topic C: The PCI bus • Topic D: Video buses

  3. Buses • Communication pathway • Four types • Address • Data • Expansion • Video

  4. PCI bus slots

  5. An AGP video bus slot

  6. The riser bus • Brings the basic wiring and control of a function to a motherboard • Decreases cost • Three riser standards: • Advanced Communication Riser (ACR) • Audio/Modem Riser (AMR) • Communication and Networking Riser (CMR)

  7. Activity A-1 Examining buses

  8. Topic B • Topic A: Buses • Topic B: Host system interaction • Topic C: The PCI bus • Topic D: Video buses

  9. System interaction • Gain the attention of the CPU • Access shared memory locations • Extend the system BIOS • Transfer data across the bus

  10. Interrupts • Signal CPU that attention is needed • CPU stops what it was doing • Services the device request • Returns to its previous task • Polling • Inefficient alternative to interrupts

  11. Running processes

  12. IRQs • Numerical addresses • Help CPU identify interrupt source • Enforce priority of interrupts • Common IRQs • IRQ 1: Keyboard • IRQ2: Cascade IRQs 9-15 • IRQ4: COM1 • IRQ6: Floppy • IRQ12: PS/2 mouse • IRQ14: Primary IDE hard drive

  13. Assigning IRQs • Manually assign for older PC designs • DIP switches • Jumpers • Proprietary software • Common for conflicts • Plug and Play (PnP) in new PC designs

  14. Device Manager - IRQs

  15. Activity B-1 Examining running processes and IRQ assignments

  16. I/O addresses • Identify section of shared memory • Range of memory addresses • Hexadecimal

  17. Device Manager–I/O addresses

  18. Activity B-2 Viewing your computer’s I/O address assignments

  19. DMA channels • DMA controller relieves CPU • DMA channels • Largely replaced by other techniques

  20. Device Manager–DMA channels

  21. Activity B-3 Viewing your computer’sDMA channel assignments

  22. Base memory addresses • Starting memory address of BIOS extensions • Display adapters • SCSI controllers • IDE controllers

  23. Device Manager–Base memory

  24. Activity B-4 Viewing your computer’s base memory address assignments

  25. Topic C • Topic A: Buses • Topic B: Host system interaction • Topic C: The PCI bus • Topic D: Video buses

  26. PC/XT bus • 8-bit bus • IBM PC and IBM XT • 4.77 MHz clock speed • 1.6 Mbps maximum data transfer rate (0.4 MBps) • Supported IRQs 0-8 • Configured with DIP switches or jumpers

  27. PC/XT card

  28. DIP switches and jumpers

  29. PC/AT and ISA bus • 16-bit bus • IBM AT, clones, 80386/486, current PCs • 8 MHz clock speed • 8 MBps maximum data transfer rate

  30. ISA adapter

  31. ISA expansion bus slot ISA slot

  32. PCI bus • 32- or 64-bit bus • Pentium PCs • 33 or 66 MHz clock speed • 133-533 MBps maximum data transfer rate • Up to 8 functions on a single card • Up to 5 card/slots per system • Requires PnP

  33. PCI adapter

  34. PCI slots

  35. PCIe • Newer standard • Uses serial communication • Link • Lanes • x1 (by-one) • x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32 bus widths • Can up-plug • Can’t down-plug

  36. Activity C-1 Installing a PCI card

  37. Topic D • Topic A: Buses • Topic B: Host system interaction • Topic C: The PCI bus • Topic D: Video buses

  38. Need for video buses • Older PC designs just used expansion bus • Graphical interfaces involve massive amounts of graphics data • Specialized buses developed to be fast enough

  39. VESA local bus • 32- or 64-bit bus • Pentium PCs • 33 or 66 MHz clock speed • Popular on 80486-based PCs • Generally software configurable • No longer used

  40. VLB adapter

  41. AGP adapter Note the hook

  42. AGP • Technically a port, not a bus • 32-bit bus • 33 or 66 MHz clock speed • Speed “pumped” to as much as 533 MHz • DIrect Memory Execute (DIME) • 266-2133 MBps maximum data transfer rate • PnP configurable

  43. Activity D-1 Installing an AGP adapter

  44. Unit summary • Described the primary types of buses • Defined interrupt, IRQ, I/O address, DMA, and base memory address • Described the features and functions of the PCI bus, and installed and configure a PCI adapter card • Described the features and functions of the various video buses, and installed and configure an AGP adapter card

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