WORK SHOP TO MUNICIPAL COMMISSIONERS & MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS ON

1. SWACHHA ANDHRA CORPORATION SWACHHA ANDHRA WORK SHOP TO MUNICIPAL COMMISSIONERS & MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS ON CONSTRUCTION OF TOILETS IN URBAN AREAS DATE : 02-05-2015

2. SWACHHA ANDHRA INTRODUCTION The GoI have issued Swachh Bharath guidelines for total sanitation by construction of Individual Household Toilets and Community Toilets as per need. GoAP is formed a Swachh Andhra Pradesh Corporation for implementation of construction of toilet programmes for the Urban households who are not having toilet facility, to eradicate open defecation and to improve sanitation in the urban area. In this connection Technical guidelines are herewith prepared for the Municipal Commissioners and Municipal Engineers who will play major role in the implementation of the programme.

3. SWACHHA ANDHRA TECHNICAL OPTIONS The following are the various options for construction of New IHHTs as per Swachh Bharath Mission guidelines issued by GoI. IHHT WITH TWIN PIT LATRINES / LEACH PITS IHHT WITH SEPTIC TANK BIO-DIGESTER TOILET (DEVELOPED BY DRDO) BIO TANK / BIO TOILTES (PATENTED BY PRIVATE OPERATORS AND APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)

4. SWACHHA ANDHRA TECHNICAL OPTION - I IHHT WITH TWIN LEACH PITS Description: It consists of superstructure (Toilet) and treatment units (two chambers). The two underground chambers (pits) are provided to hold fecal sludge. These are normally offset from the toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small diversion chamber, from which separate pipes lead to the two underground chambers. The pits should be lined with open jointed brick work/ concrete rings Specifications: i. Size options for Toilet/ Super Structure 750 mm x 900 mm x 1900mm; or 800 mm x 1000 mm x 1900 mm ii. Material : Brick work / FRP/ Pre-cast Cylindrical Unit iii. Minimum Land Requirement : 40 Sq. ft. - 60 Sq. ft. (Depending upon the location of superstructure and distance between two pits)

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6. SWACHHA ANDHRA 115 750 115 600 115 900 1130 Junction / Inspection chamber 115 115 900 115 1000 115 900 115

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9. SWACHHA ANDHRA TECHNICAL OPTIONS - II IHHT WITH SPETIC TANK Description: A septic tank is a buried chamber that collects, stores and treats the wastewater under anaerobic conditions. Effluent from septic tanks should be discharged into a soak pit. A well-managed septic tank will remove about 50 to 60 % of the biological load in the wastewater Specifications: i. Size options for Toilet/ Super Structure 750 mm x 900 mm x 1900mm; or 800 mm x 1000 mm x 1900 mm ii. Material : Brick work / FRP/ Pre-cast Cylindrical Unit iii. Minimum Land Requirement : 40 Sq. ft. - 60 Sq. ft. (Depending upon the location of superstructure)

10. SWACHHA ANDHRA iv.Soak-Pit Size : The seepage pit may be of any suitable shape with the least cross- sectional dimension of 0.90 m and not less than 1 m in depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe. The construction shall be of perforated brickwork. v.Size of Pits is shown in Table -1below : .*- only for IHL, **- Group household toilets

11. SWACHHA ANDHRA Note 1 : The capacities are recommended on the assumption that discharge from only WC will be treated in the septic tank. Note 2: A provision of 300 mm should be made for free broad. Note 3: The sizes of septic tank are based on certain assumption on peak discharges, as estimated in IS: 2470 (part 1) and while choosing the size of septic tank exact calculations shall be made. Cost (for 5 Users) : Tentative cost varies from Rs. 25,000/- to Rs. 30,000/- depending upon the construction material (toilet & septic tank). Pre fabricated septic tanks are available at lower cost in the market, which also may be explored to speed up the implementation.

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13. SWACHHA ANDHRA TECHNICAL OPTION - III BIODIGESTER TOILET (DEVELOPED BY DRDO) Description: A bio-digester toilet is an anaerobic multi-compartment tank with inoculums (anaerobic bacteria) which digests organic material biologically. The details of bio-digester toilets are shown in Figure . This system converts faecal waste into usable water and gases in an eco- friendly manner. Specifications: i. Toilet Superstructure: Size of Toilet / Superstructure as shown in Fig.1 750 mm x 900 mm x 1900mm; or 800 mm x 1000 mm x 1900 mm ii. Material : Brick work (as per Fig. 1) / FRP/ Pre-cast Cylindrical Unit

14. SWACHHA ANDHRA iii. BIO Tank : Land requirement - 25 Sq. ft.  Tank internal dimensions – 1336mm x 1036 mm x 900 mm  Diagonal partition wall of 8mm thickness (adequately stiffened by ribs)  Tank is buried 600mm deep and anchored by 300mm long stainless steel(SS316) anchor bolts at corners  FRP tanks of 8mm thickness.  Provision of water sealed outlet from the tank. For 5-6 users: o- Total capacity: 700 liters (1000 mm x 700 mm & 1000mm depth). Where space is a constraint the depth of the tank can be increased to 1.5m o- Volume of anaerobic Compartment (30% of total capacity): 210 ltr o- Tank may be constructed with masonry also.

15. SWACHHA ANDHRA Table -3 Volume of bio-digester tank for various user groups: Bio-digester tank as per Table-4 below *- Group / Shared toilets Toilet cost between Rs.12,000 and Rs. 15,000 depending on material of construction.

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17. SWACHHA ANDHRA TECHNICAL OPTION - IV BIO TANK / BIO TOILETS(PATENTED BY PRIVATE OPERATORS AND APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) Description: This technology differs from that of the bio-digester toilets developed by DRDO since the process adopted is aerobic - which involves a different multi-strain of bacteria which breaks down the waste matter through oxidization. Bio-toilets consist of a purpose built multi chambered bio- tank in which the waste is stored Specifications: i. Toilet Superstructure: Size of Toilet / Superstructure as shown in Fig.1 750 mm x 900 mm x 1900mm; or 800 mm x 1000 mm x 1900 mm ii. Material : Bricks and Mortar walls of Bio Digester tank and Superstructure, PCC tank floor, RCC Toilet Floor, PVC Door and Frame, RCC/PVC/GI sheet Toilet Roof.

18. SWACHHA ANDHRA iii. The Bio-Toilet System consist of : Bio digester Tank(Bricks & Mortar/FRP/Steel). Superstructure (Bricks * Mortar/FRP)  Indian Pan/WC  Size: 4 feet x 4 feet tank base, 4 feet tank height , 6 feet superstructure height  Maximum usage recommended : 30 defecations / day/bio-toilet (no limit on urination)  Land Requirement – 16 Sq.ft. Cost Estimates : The Tentative cost of bio-toilet including super structure is approximately Rs.20,000/- depending upon the construction material. The bio-toilets should be supplied by the manufacturers and the O&M for at least 5 years along with IEC by the manufacturer/supplier also should be built into the under taking

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20. SWACHHA ANDHRA Concept of IHHT with Twin Pits • Pour-flush toilets linked to twin-pits (also called Twin-pit Pour-flush (TPPF)) toilets are improved pit latrines, allowing on-site treatment and transformation of the faecal sludge into a hygienised soil amendment. • They are semi-dry toilet systems (not linked to a piping system, but require water for flushing). • Different models of different prices exist. • They require generally little maintenance but due to the need of the construction of two pits, initial investment costs can be little high.

21. SWACHHA ANDHRA Door Superstructure • A simple pour-flush squatting platform (porcelain or cement). • A water seal as a barrier for odour and flies • Set into a brick and concrete based. • The outlet is piped to a Y junction box. • From the box the blackwater (faeces, flush water, cleansing water) are directed to one of two shallow (leach or soak pits) • Pits are used in alteration • A superstructure is added for privacy and can be constructed from a wide range of locally available materials. Sewer junction (outlet blocked for unused pit) Removable cover Leach pit / soak pit Water seal Pit in use Pit full. Sludge safe for removal after two years

22. How does it work SWACHHA ANDHRA • Pits are lined with porous material: water infiltrates locally into the soil, solids (faeces) remain in the pits and are decomposed (by a mixed composting/digestion process). • The two pits are used in alteration: while one pit is filling, the other pit remains out of service. • When the first pit is full, it is covered and temporarily taken out of service. • When the second pit is full, the first pit is re-opened and emptied. • It should take a minimum of two years to fill a pit and during that time, the faeces in the pit out of service can continue to decompose. • The treated sludge can be used as solid fertiliser (i.e. humanure).

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24. SWACHHA ANDHRA Schematic overview of pour-flush toilet with two alternating leach pits made out of brick work Source:MARA (1985)

25. SWACHHA ANDHRA Leach pits made out ofbricks (much like a honeycomb) and perforated concrete

26. 3. Design Principals SWACHHA ANDHRA Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet • The pour-flush squatting pan consist of a steep bottom slope and a water seal trap. • From there, faeces and flushing water is directed to one of two leach pits. • An inspection chamber containing a Y junction is normally built between the pits and the pan so that the excrete can be channeled into either pit. • Each pit is designed to last for about three years before it gets filled; filling time is should be 2 years for all pathogens to die off. Pour-flush Toilet (Twin-pit Model)

27. 3. Design Principals SWACHHA ANDHRA Pits location • If site conditions do not permit this layout, the pits can be placed on the side or even in front of the pan as shown, but this results in more water needed for flushing. • Toilets can be constructed inside the house, while the pits can be situated outside the house. • To remain accessible, pits should be constructed in open ground. But if no space is available, they can also be constructed below the toilet. • In cases where there is no space close to the toilet leach pits could be located even 15 metres away from the latrine cubicle provided the connecting pipe is laid at a slope of 1:5:1 to 15. • Pits should not be situated in drainage lines or the paths of storm water drains to prevent cross-contamination. • The pits should not be located in depressions where water is likely to collect. • The pits be constructed over 1 m from any structural foundation as leachate can negatively impact structural supports.  

28. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) SWACHHA ANDHRA Use • Maintain correct squatting position so as excreta fall in the center of the trap opening • Flushing and anal cleansing with 1.5 to 2 L, so that the excreta slide smoothly without sticking to the surface. Day-to-day maintenance • Washing the latrine floor. • Cleaning the squatting pan (brush with a long handle). • Only little water should used for cleaning and washing to reduce pit filling. • Bath, kitchen or rain water should not be added in large volumes because this would cause overflow of the pit • Solid waste (kitchen waste, sweepings etc.) should not be added as this would cause clogging

29. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) SWACHHA ANDHRA Pit alternation • Every two years • The inspection chamber is opened and one of the pipes in the Y junction is stopped off ,while the other one is opened. A brick, stone, mound of clay or block of wood cam be used as stopper . • The pit is re-sealed to prevent gases escaping to the atmosphere. • About 15 cm of soil should be filled in the bottom of the first pit when before use. • After two years of rest, soil will be safe for handling, dry and without any foul smell. It can be dug out manually and used as soil amendment in kitchen gardens or field. • In case of humid sludge, it can be spread out and dried under the sun • The twin pits can be used indefinitely. • Long-term support facilities to remind and assist the user in changing and emptying pits will greatly improve operational success 

30. Applicability SWACHHA ANDHRA • Where water for flushing and anal cleansing is available • In areas with soils of soil good absorptive capacity (alleviates, silt ); Tightly packed or rocky soils (clay) are not appropriate. • Low groundwater tables, low risk of flooding. • Depending on soil conditions, a certain minimum vertical distance from the bottom of the pit to the groundwater is required to prevent its pollution. • If soil conditions are full-filled and water for flushing available, TPPFs can be constructed in both, rural and urban housings, but to many pits in dense housing areas will cause groundwater pollution and overflow as soil matrix may not can absorb all the water. Groundwater

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33. SWACHHA ANDHRA II. NORMS & SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC TOILETS Description: Community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire settlement. Community toilet blocks are used primarily in low-income informal settlements where space and/or land are constraints. Pour flush option is generally used in this kind of OSS systems. It is also advisable to provide facilities like washing, bathing, and a small incinerator in this block for the use of the community. Public toilets are provided for the floating population /general public in places such as markets, rain stations or other public areas, where there is a considerable number of people passing by.

34. SWACHHA ANDHRA Septic tanks for Public / Community toilets: Recommended sizes of septic tanks for community / public toilets (up to 300 users) is given in Table 5 below Source : Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems, 2013 Part A Engineering Note 1 : A provision of 300 mm should be made for free broad. Note 2 : The sizes of septic tank are based on certain assumption on peak discharges, as estimated in IS: 2470 (part 1) and while choosing the size of septic tank exact calculations shall be made. Note 3 : For Population over 100, the tank may be divided into independent parallel chambers of maintenance and cleaning.

35. SWACHHA ANDHRA Community Toilet – Norms for toilet seats One seat for 35 men, one seat for 25 women, adequate bathing facilities Public Toilets – Norms for toilets seats:

37. SWACHHA ANDHRA III. PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY : The Commissioners/ Municipal commissioners concerned shall prepare a day wise plan immediately after completion of the state level training programme scheduled on 1st and 2nd of May for verification of applications immediately in a week i.e., 3rdto 10th of May with the help of Municipal Engineer. After launching of the programme on 11th May the Commissioners/ Municipal commissioners shall direct the Municipal Engineers concerned to plan for procurement of required material like cement, bricks, sand, chips, RCC rings etc., well in advance i.e., atleast one week in advance (i.e., 23rd May) for the foundation stone to be laid by Hon’ble Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh of 1st or 2nd of June, to avoid delay in construction work. The Commissioner/Municipal Commissioners shall plan and direct the Municipal Engineer to complete the entire target of IHTs by the end of June at any cost.

38. SWACHHA ANDHRA The Municipal Engineer shall collect the list of beneficiaries from their respective Commissioners /Municipal Commissioners and arrive the total no. of Individual House hold toilets to be constructed. The total materials required for the completion of total IHTs in the respective Corporation or Municipality shall be assessed and can be estimated in the following manner for a toilet of size 750mm x 900mm with 2 pit system. Engineer shall guide and facilitate the SLFs in procurement of material by i) identification of reputed material suppliers / agencies ii) grouping the no nearby SLFs so that the overheads like transportation etc. will reduce. The Engineer shall advise the beneficiary/SLF to adopt suitable foundation as per the soil condition. The municipal Engineer shall inspect the site of construction and shall Geo-tag the vacant site before construction.

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40. SWACHHA ANDHRA IV. ACTIVITY DURING-CONSTRUCTION Marking shall be given by the Municipal Engineer and shall inspect the construction activity at random at regular intervals. He shall geo-tag the photograph of construction i) after completion of basement ii) completion of super structure. Simultaneously, he may deploy the local Engineering’s/Engineering students engaged by the respective Commissioners for supervision. He shall guide the SLFs in the construction procedure and also shall guide the mason(s) as and when required. Procurement of material by i) identification of reputed material suppliers / agencies ii) grouping the no nearby SLFs so that the overheads like transportation etc. will reduce.

41. SWACHHA ANDHRA V. POST-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY : He shall geo-tag the photograph of completion (of Roof and fixing of door and WC pan). He shall inspect the functionality of the toilets after usage by the beneficiaries. In case any defects are noticed, he shall guide them for rectification.

42. SWACHHA ANDHRA VI. RECORDING AND PAYMENT SYSTEM In case of construction taken up by the SLFs: a) After capturing of vacant site photograph though Geo-Tagging an amount of Rs.5000/- for each beneficiary shall be released to the respective SLF as 1stinstallment of release. The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record that proceedings in the M.Book as the advance payment. b) The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record the M. Book after completion of basement level including Geo-tagging the photograph and recommend for payment for release of 2ndinstallment of Rs.5000/- as per the regular procedure of recording in regular engineering departments. c) The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record the M. Book after completion of toilet in full shape including Geo-tagging the photograph and recommend for payment for release of 3rdinstallment of Rs.5000/- as per the regular procedure of recording in regular engineering departments.

43. SWACHHA ANDHRA In case of construction taken up by the Individual Beneficiaries: The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record the M. Book after completion of basement level including Geo-tagging the photograph and recommend for payment for release of 1st installment of Rs.5000/- as per the regular procedure of recording in regular engineering departments. The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record the M. Book after completion of super Structure (up to roof level) including Geo-tagging the photograph and recommend for payment for release of 2ndinstallment of Rs.5000/- as per the regular procedure of recording in regular engineering departments. The Asst. Engineer /Asst. Executive Engineer shall record the M. Book after completion of toilet in full shape including Geo-tagging the photograph and recommend for payment for release of 3rd installment of Rs.5000/- as per the regular procedure of recording in regular engineering departments.

44. SWACHHA ANDHRA METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IN DIFFERENT SOILS Type I : Steps for construction of toilet in hard soils Earth work excavation of 1’-3” to 1’-6” depth is advised. PCC (1:5:10) or (1:4:8) base concrete with 40mm metal of 0-4” thick is proposed. 8” or 9” width cement blocks/clay bricks/RR stone may be used for construction up to ground level (apply: to height of 0-11” to 1’-2” is proposed). Above ground level again 8” or 9” width cement blocks/clay bricks/RR stone may be used for construction to a height of 1’-0” to 1’-6”. Using 0-4” width cement blocks/clay bricks may be used for superstructure to height of 6’-0” to 7’-0”. Construct two leach pits with 4 RCC rings in each pit. If necessary plastering is advised. Complete with flooring, fixing of pan and door shutter.

45. SWACHHA ANDHRA VII. TIME LINE Municipal Engineers shall prepare schedule of work and issue to the SLF for completion of works as per the Action Plan of the ULB. A model action plan in case of toilet with twin pits may be followed as follows: