London New York Paris Tokyo Chicago Frankfurt Hong Kong Los Angeles Milan Singapore San Francisco

1. London New York Paris Tokyo Chicago Frankfurt Hong Kong Los Angeles Milan Singapore San Francisco Sydney Toronto Zurich Brussels Madrid Mexico City Sao Paolo Amsterdam Moscow Seoul Boston Caracas Jakarta Taipei Atlanta Istanbul Kuala Lumpur Manila

2. Global Cities: An Introduction Necessary characteristics CULTURAL Multi-cultural and multi-community (in the West) First-name familiarity World-renowned cultural institutions (museums, universities) Global “spectacle” events Lively cultural scene Traditional Creative-class Media power (BBC, Reuters, ABC, CNN, etc..) NYC’s Times Square

3. Necessary characteristics (cont.) POLITICAL-DEMOGRAPHIC Active influence in global events (UN in NYC) Large population (>10m)

4. Necessary characteristics (cont.) INFRASTRUCTURAL International airport International port Advanced communications hub Advanced multi-modal transport

5. Necessary characteristics (cont.) ECONOMIC Fortune 500 Stock Market TNC corporate headquarters Financial Services Producer Services Innovation/patents

6. INTRODUCTORY TERMS/CONCEPTS GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY ECONOMIC CORE ECONOMIC SEMI-PERIPHERY ECONOMIC PERIPHERY

7. ECONOMIC CORE GDP per capita, >$20,000 Disproportionate share of TNC headquarters Disproportionate share of economic decision-making authority

8. ECONOMIC PERHIPHERY GDP per capita, <$4,000 Very few (or even none) TNC headquarters Very little decision-making authority

9. ECONOMIC SEMI-PERIPHERY THE B.R.I.C. countries (sometimes B.R.I.M.C.)

11. GDP, per capita

12. HDI

13. FDI

14. KONDRATIEV WAVE

15. VERTICAL INTEGRATION One company owns the entire “productive process” Steel industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Some large petro companies today

16. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Large company owns one tiny “slice” of the productive process, but many different slices Ex. The Fox Empire, other media empires

17. FORDIST vs. POST-FORDIST

18. FORDISM refers to…an economic system (aka “a mode of production”) based on the following: Large-scale production Standardization of parts Assembly line Mass production is coupled with mass consumption

19. POST-FORDISM Product differentiation Niche marketing Slow decline of mass consumption towards “niche consumption” Small, flexible factories Flexible labor (lack of unions) Flexible supply chains

20. First Reading; “World cities in a world system” Difference between.. (1) the international system (2) the global system Trade is closely regulated by states Trade is now loosely regulated by states Thus, “states” are becoming less important, and cities are becoming more important

21. Like the Hanseatic League: i.e., cities are again becoming the leading “control points”

22. Globalization is “stealthier” Globalization is “harder to see, and read” Example: one Pontiac le Mans $20,000 is the sticker price $7,600 goes to Americans (workers and management in Detroit) Of the remaining $12,400 48% goes to South Korea (labor assembly) 12% goes to Germany (styling and design) 7% to Taiwan and Singapore (small components) 4% to UK (marketing) 1% to Ireland and Barbados (data processing)

23. Global metropolitanism and the “fast world”. In addition, global cities are becoming sites for the articulation of a new “culture” It’s transtional Even postnational Materialistic Secular

24. Globalization and the City: CHICAGO case study The emergence of the “New Spatial Division of Labor” *(1) Production has been decentralized to the global periphery *(2) “Command centers” have emerged in a few key places we call “global cities”.

25. Consequences (1) Logic of decentralization (what has been decentralized from CHICAGO?) Loss of manufacturing jobs

28. Where have these jobs gone? The suburbs Low-cost areas in already rich countries Low-cost areas in the “global periphery” Made obsolete by tech. change

29. Logic of Centralization (What’s been centralized in CHICAGO?) FDI (52,000 jobs in 2001, a jump of 210% since 1980 Massive growth in PS (producer services) jobs Chicago has emerged as a node of specialized knowledge (268,000 jobs in 2001), increase of 250% during the same time HIGH-Tech – internet/communications hub (200,000 technology workers In sum: Chicago is no longer a heavy-weight manufacturing center, but rather it has emerged as a node of specialized knowledge and a communications hub in service of the global economy

35. Globalization and the City: the Milwaukee Case Study • The new “spatial division of labor”? • Particularly brutal for Milwaukee, as it was so DEPENDENT on manufacturing, and… • It’s too small to benefit from any “command center” status • Amounts to an ECONOMIC DEPRESSION in the central city, where upwards of 50% of black adult men are unemployed.

40. Economic Decline and Race • MKE’s black male employment rate plummeted by 21 percentage points since 1970 • 1970, black poverty rate was 22% lower than US average; in 2000, it was 34% above the US average • 1970, median family income was 19% than US average; in 2000 it was 23% lower • 1970, 43% of black Milwaukeeans worked as industrial laborers • Only Detroit had a higher percentage • Since 1970, the city has lost 2/3 of it’s industrial employment

41. Race and Gender and Economic Decline • Women have faired better • For every 7 black men that hold a job, there are 10 black women • College-educated African-Americans leave the metro in large numbers

42. Race, Geography, and Economic Decline • In 2000, 75% of all industrial jobs are located in the distant suburbs • This represents a dramatic reversal since 1960s, when over 60% were located in central city

44. Second Reading: The case of the US urban hierarchy The idea of an urban hierarchy – based not on population size, but on function – is central to the “global city” hypothesis “Global city” hypothesis: As production becomes more flexible, transnational, complex and global in it’s footprint, certain cities (called “nodes” or basing point) become “command centers” **The territorial dispersal of production creates a need for expanded centralized control and management**.

48. Corporate headquarters in American cities