Unit 1: Cultures of the Americas, Africa, and Europe

1. Unit 1: Cultures of the Americas, Africa, and Europe Part 3: Early American Settlements North America

2. Early North American Cultures • Hohokam • Anasazi • Adena and Hopewell • Mississippian • ALL OF THESE CULTURES WERE GONE BY THE TIME EUROPEANS CAME TO THE AMERICAS

3. Hohokam Arrived in 300 AD in present day Arizona Built extensive irrigation canals near the Gila and Salt River to carry water to farmland several hundred miles away Far reaching trade relationships with Mesoamerican cultures Various agricultural products (corn, cotton, beans, and squash) Pottery made of local clays and minerals and decorated with red iron Cremated their dead and buried them in shallow graves with other goods and pottery objects Early 1300’s - began to abandon settlements and disappeared by 1500 Early North American Cultures

4. Anasazi Civilization developed around 700/900 AD in the four corners area where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet Built pueblos made of mud bricks and stone with circular ceremonial centers called kivas Chaco Canyon Mesa Verde Collected water by creating a system of basins and ditches to channel rain into stone lined depressions Disappeared by 1300 Early North American Cultures

5. Early North American Cultures Anasazi - Chaco Canyon

6. Early North American Cultures Anasazi – Mesa Verde

7. Adena and Hopewell Early mound builder cultures of the eastern woodlands Built mounds as burial center Technologies: Woodworking tools Dugout canoes Nets to snare birds Clay pots Both cultures disappeared for unknown reasons Early North American Cultures

8. Mississippian Settled near the Mississippi River Valley Built massive platform mounds or pyramid mounds Cahokia – largest city Fell before European contact, but elements of their culture survived Early North American Cultures Monk’s Mound

9. Developed in response to geography, climate, and environment in which each lived Each region developed its own unique culture and lifestyle Southwest Pacific Woodlands Great Plains Far North Eastern Woodlands Southeast Great Basin North American Cultures

10. North American Cultures

11. North American Culture • Far North • Environment – Alaska to Greenland • Very cold all year long • Harsh winter conditions • Oceans • Mountains

12. North American Culture • Far North • Adaptations to the Environment • Igloo homes built with ice blocks and lines with animal skin or thatch • Some homes made of animal skins and wood framing

13. North American Cultures • Far North • Adaptations to the Environment • Common Animals: • Seal, walrus, caribou, polar bear, and smaller game • Heavily dependent on hunting for survival • Provided food, clothing, and shelter • Farming was no possible because of the harsh, cold climate Walrus Seal Polar Bear Caribou

14. North American Cultures • Far North • Adaptations to the Environment • Developed technologies to handle harsh environment • Harpoon, kayak, dog sled, boots with ivory spikes, goggles to prevent snow blindness, and lamps • Used whale oil and blubber

15. Southwest Environment: Arid - dry Hot days Cold nights Cliffs, desert Little rainfall North American Cultures Piñon Pine Sagebrush Cactus Juniper

16. North American Cultures Pueblo Housing • Southwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Pueblo housing /Adobe - used clay, sand and wood (for framing) from desert trees to construct housing • Cliff dwellings – dug into cliffs and built adobe housing inside cliff face for protection Cliff Dwelling

17. North American Cultures • Southwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Brought in non-native plants for food • Ground corn and baked in ovens to make bread • Made pottery to store dried food surplus for droughts • Gathered native nuts and berries Squash and Pumpkin Corn Beans Pueblo Oven Pottery

18. North American Cultures • Southwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Common animals: • Jack rabbit, rattlesnake, and coyote are native to the region • Sheep – brought by Europeans • Wool used to make blankets and clothes • Animal hides were used for clothing and shoes Rabbit Snake Coyote Longhair Sheep

19. North American Cultures North South • Great Basin • Environment • Between two mountain ranges whose rivers flow to the ocean • Diverse climates • North has mountains and forests (Oregon, Washington) • South has flatlands with salty earth (Utah, Nevada) • West has a cool, moist climate (California) West

20. North American Cultures Teepee • Great Basin • Adaptations to the Environment • Wickiups • Wood framing covered in palm leaves • Teepees • similar to those of the Great Plains, but covered in woven plants and reeds, • some were shaped like longhouses • Roundhouses • Planks of redwood laid in a pyramid shape Longhouse Teepee Wickiup Roundhouse

21. North American Cultures Chokeberries • Great Basin • Adaptations to the Environment • gathered roots, nuts, and berries for food • Salmon and trout were very important for the diet • Used animal skins as clothing, especially in cold weather • They began to wear cotton once the Europeans arrived Onions Oak Tree and acorns Trout

22. North American Cultures • PacificNorthwest • Environment • Pacific Coast from Alaska to California • Narrow strip of land between the Pacific Ocean to the west and mountains to the east • Mild summers • Cold and rainy winters • Many trees and plants Hemlock Huckleberry Spruce

23. North American Cultures • Pacific Northwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Cedar plank longhouses • Many families of the same clan lived in one house • 1 door with no windows • Woven cedar bark was hung to separate the berooms

24. North American Cultures This was the ONLY native American group that made totem poles! • Pacific Northwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Totem Poles • Tall tree carvings • Often painted with dyes made from fruits and berries • Tells the story of a family important leader • Baskets • Bark was stripped from trees to make baskets

25. Caribou North American Cultures • Pacific Northwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Common Animals: • Caribou, grizzly bear, clam, salmon, whale • Large dugout canoes used for fishing and whaling • Used whale bones and teeth as tools • Used whale blubber and oil for lamps • Stored salmon for the winter Clam Grizzly Bear Salmon Whale

26. North American Cultures • Pacific Northwest • Adaptations to the Environment • Clothing • Made using tree bark or strips • Animal skin

27. North American Cultures • Great Plains • Environment • Huge grassland in the central United States • Snowy, very cold winters • Very hot summers • Flash rain • Few trees • Rivers and streams • Hilly

28. North American Cultures • Great Plains • Adaptations to the Environment • Teepees • Made of wooden poles with buffalo hides stretched around them • Used by nomadic hunters • Wickiup • Made of bent branches and covered with grass and brush • Used by nomadic hunters • Earth Lodges • Eastern plains • Permanent settlements due to more rain Teepee Wickiup Earth Lodge

29. North American Cultures • Great Plains • Adaptations to the Environment • Common Animals: • Buffalo, prairie dog, deer, wolf • Buffalo were very important • Skin used for clothing, shoes, and shelter • Bones used for tools Buffalo Deer Prairie Dog Wolf

30. North American Culture

31. North American Culture Dream catcher – Some Native Americans hung these over their beds to protect them while they slept

32. North American Cultures • Eastern Woodlands • Environment • Located east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes • Many rivers, streams, and lakes • Large number of trees and plants • Hot and humid summers • Cold and snowy winters • Plentiful rainfall • Large varies of animals Berries Maple Tree Birch Tree

33. North American Cultures • Eastern Woodlands • Adaptation to the Environment • Longhouse – built from small trees and covered with bark or a woven material • Wigwam – built like a longhouse, but formed in the shape of a dome • Used mainly by hunter-gatherers Longhouse

34. North American Cultures • Eastern Woodlands • Adaptations to the Environment • Corn, Beans, Squash – called the 3 sisters • Wild rice Corn Beans Squash and Pumpkin

35. North American Cultures • Eastern Woodlands • Adaptations to the Environment • Hunting and fishing • Used meat for food • Used bones for tools • Used skins for clothing Black Bear Deer Wild Turkey Wampum Belt made from shells and beads

36. North American Cultures • Southeast • Environment • Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River • Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico • North – mountains rivers and forests • South – swamps and grasses • Good soil for crops • Hot summers • Mild winters • Lots of rain Everglades (In Florida) Oak Tree Cyprus (swamp tree)

37. North American Cultures Chickee • Southeast • Adaptations to the Environment • Chickees – • homes built with logs and covered with leaves or grasses (thatch) • No walls because of the warm weather • Raised floor to protect themselves against wet ground and snakes • Tribes that lived further north enclosed their homes with mud walls due to colder winters

38. North American Cultures Gourd • Southeast • Adaptations to the Environment • Grew corn, tobacco and gourds • Also gathered nuts and berries • Used animals for clothing, food, and tools from the bones Corn Tobacco Deer Alligator Rabbit

39. North American Cultures • Southeast • Adaptations to the Environment • Wore clothing made form animal skin, usually deer