1 / 16

Linguistic Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology. Putting Things Together. Overview. From Morphology The analysis of words and how they are structured To Syntax The analysis of phrases and sentences and how they are structured. Morphology. Words vs. morphemes

brickner
Download Presentation

Linguistic Anthropology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Linguistic Anthropology Putting Things Together

  2. Overview • From Morphology • The analysis of words • and how they are structured • To Syntax • The analysis of phrases and sentences • and how they are structured

  3. Morphology • Words vs. morphemes • Morphemes as smallest units of meaning in a language • respect+ful; dis+respect+ful • room+mate; stir+fry • fire+fight+er • Manhattan

  4. Morphological Analysis • Describing morphemes… • Analyzing their arrangements…

  5. Describing Morphemes: Bases • Form foundations of words • Establish basic meanings • English: fish; talk • Shinzwani: -lo- (fish); -lagu- (talk) • Czech: piv- (beer)

  6. Kinds of Bases Roots STEMS (derived from roots) By means of affixes English: fish+ing = fishing; talk+er = talker Shinzwani: lo+a = -loa (fishing) Can have additional affixes attached English: talker+s = talkers Shinzwani: ni+ku+loa = nikuloa (I am fishing). • Serve as underlying foundation • Can’t be broken down any further • English: fish • Shinzwani: -lo- (fish)

  7. Creating a Language: BasesSome of the base forms you may wish to create • 9-12 things • visible body parts, movable items, parts of the room • 4-6 actions • sit, stand, give, touch, open, close, lift, put down • 2-6 persons • you, me, I, we, he/she/it, you/y’all, we two, we three • 6-8 descriptors • size, color, number • 2-5 indicators/places • the, a, this, that, that-over-there, in, at, on, under • Anything else of interest (consider your cultural focus) Remember to use only sounds in your charts.

  8. Describing Morphemes: Affixes • Attach to bases • Add grammatical information • English: -er; -ing • = fisher, fishing, talker, talking • Shinzwani: hu- (to) ; niku- (I am) • = huloa (to fish), hulagua (to talk) • = nikuloa (I am fishing), nikulagua (I am talking) • Czech: -o; -a; -Ø • = pivo (beer), piva ((2, 3, 4) beers), piv ((5+) beers).

  9. Kinds of Affixes • Prefixes • im+possible • un+likely • Suffixes • walk+ing • Infixes • fan+bloody+tastic • Circumfixes • m+loz+i (fisherman) • Reduplication • mpole+mpole (very slow) • Interweaving • k+i+t+aa+b (book) • Portmanteau • blog

  10. What Affixes DO • Derivation • Changing one kind of word into another • verbs into nouns: read -- reader; -lo- -- mlozi • adjectives into verbs: modern -- modernize • Inflection • Showing relationships among words in a group • tenses: hunted -- hunting • comparisons: big -- bigger -- biggest • persons: I fish -- she fishes • number: cat -- cats; mpaha – zimpaha (cat/cats)

  11. Creating a Language: Affixes • To go with your base forms, please create: • an affix to derive one kind of word from another • e.g., things from actions, or actions from things • an affix to inflect one kind of word • For example: • gender: male, female, neuter... • number: single, plural, dual, triple, inclusive, exclusive… • shape: flat, thin, round, square, oblong, 3-D, floppy... • time: now, soon, never, always, yesterday, today, tomorrow… • validity: witnessed, heard about, heard from reliable source… • comparison: strong, stronger, strongest... • Remember to only use sounds in your charts!

  12. Analyzing Arrangement:Free and Bound Morphemes • Free morphemes are like bases • Can stand alone • e.g., words: speak; respect; Manhattan • Bound morphemes are like affixes • Must be attached to other morphemes • e.g., affixes: -er; -ing; dis-; -ful • speak-er; speak-ing; dis-respect-ful • But note: roots can also be BOUND MORPHEMES • e.g., Shinzwani -lo- ‘fish’, Czech piv- ‘beer’ • Hierarchy among affixes • English: derive first, then inflect… • help+er+s (not help+s+er)

  13. Syntax • How words combine into phrases & sentences • Note fuzzy boundary between morphology and syntax • Shinzwani: ni+tso+hu+venza ‘I+will+you+like’ • All one word • English: I will like you • Four different words

  14. Analyzing Syntax • Finding and testing substitution frames • Also called ‘slots and fillers’ • The cat in the hat • The cat in the basket • The cat in the tree • M+paha i+send+a mji+ni – the cat is going to town • M+wana a+send+a mji+ni – the child is going to town • Gari li+send+a mji+ni – the car is going to town • M+tu m+zuri m+moja u+le – that one good person • Ki+kapu ki+zuri ki+moja ki+le – that one good basket • Gari zuri moja li+le – that one good car

  15. Labeling Substitution Frames • Let the language be your guide • Be prepared for different categories • Grammatical gender • Czech: masculine, feminine, neuter • Shinzwani: human, animal, body part, useful, abstract • Case • Czech: subject, object, possession, location • The effect of obligatory categories • Grammatical categories that must be expressed

  16. Creating a Language: Syntax • Decide on word order for your language • SOV, SVO?; adjective + noun? noun + adjective? • Create a simple declarative sentence type • Develop a way to ‘transform’ the sentence: • Create negative AND interrogative expressions • Create at least one tense (past, future, evidential) • Insert a word • Or add an affix • Or change the order of words • DO NOT just change intonation

More Related