理工英语

1. 理工英语

2. 2 3 1 ; Module 8 English for Chemical Industry In this module, you will learn The explosibility of Ethylene Oxide. An introduction to BASF. An introduction to mascara

3. Passage A Passage B Extra Reading Section One Practical Reading

4. Feedstock: Oil fractions, Natural gas The petrochemical industry Basic Petrochemicals: Olefins and aromatics Chemical industry Chemical conversion cconversion Main Products Groups: Industrial chemical Plastic and resins Synthetic rubbers Synthetic fibers Other industries: Metals, glass, cement, automobile, paper, food, agriculture, etc. Chemical Process Industry: Rubber and plastic, fibers, paints, detergent, dyestuff, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, adhesive, etc. Goods for consumers: Food, clothing, housing, health, transport, etc. Look at the pictures and answer the questions below.

5. Section One Practical Reading • Q1.What do you think about petrochemical industry? • Q2.What aspects do you think are related to petrochemical industry in our daily life? • Q3: What role do you think the petrochemical industry plays in a country’s economy？

6. Section One Passage A The Explosibility of Ethylene Oxide The ethylene oxide is stable to detonating agents, but the vapor will explode when exposed to igniters, usually employed in the study of explosive gas mixtures, such as mercury fulminate or hot platinum wire coil. Decomposing acetylides, static electricity, excess heat, or open flames will also cause ethylene oxide vapors to explode. Glowing carbon and “hot spot” in catalyst beds can acts as initiators of rapid decompositions in the vapor phase. One of the most serious sources of initiation of an explosion of ethylene oxide vapor is exposure to fire. When an uninsulated vessel containing ethylene oxide was directly exposed to fire and was not protected by a film of water, the vapor was quickly heated above the ignition temperature of 571℃.

7. Section One Passage A The initiation of an explosive decomposition within a vessel containing ethylene oxide would require a great excess of energy if supplied by purely mechanical means, because this type of energy is dissipated to the enclosing metal. Only slight local decomposition of the oxide was obtained when a cylinder containing ethylene oxide was subject to a dynamite shock test. When ethylene oxide vapor explodes, the products of decomposition are oxygen, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene and carbon dioxide. An immediate surge of pressure within a close system is produced not only by the sudden increase in the total number of molecules present, within the confined space but also by the rapid rise in temperature, due to the large quantity of energy liberated. A theoretical discussion and a possible mechanism of the explosive decomposition of ethylene oxide vapor have been given by Burden and Burgogyne.

8. Section One Passage A Explosion Pressure Developed • 　　Explosion pressures are difficult to predict or calculate because some of the liberated energy is dissipated to the walls of the confining vessel. Apparently, at the ratio of the volume of he gas to the surface of the container increases, less energy (in the form of heat per mole of ethylene oxide) is dissipated to the walls and greater pressure are produced. Figure 2 and the data given in TableⅡ indicate the constant increase in the final pressure as vessel having greater volumes are substituted. These tests were made using commercial ethylene oxide vapor and a hot platinum wire coil as the explosion initiator. The initial pressure in each case was only 5 pounds per square inch gage, which is the vapor pressure of ethylene oxide at 18.0℃. • 　　That great pressures may be developed was demonstrated during bonfire tests on ethylene oxide cylinders. Violent rupture of the cylinder was obtained when initial pressure was 100 pounds per square inch gage or over, except in the experiments in which the cylinders were insulated to prevent ignition. The cylinders used in the tests had rated bursting pressure of 1000 pounds per square inch gage.

9. Listening &Repeating • explosibility n. 爆炸性 • detonate v. 爆燃，爆炸，起爆 • glowing a. 灼热的 • decomposition n.　分解，腐烂，变质 • explode v. 爆炸 • expose v. 暴露，面临，接触 • igniter v. 引火器，引火源，引爆剂 • explosive a. 爆炸性的 • static a. 静电的 • initiation n. 引发，起爆 • explosion n. 爆炸 • exposure n. 暴露，接触

10. Listening &Repeating • uninsulated a. 非绝热的，非绝缘的 • mechanical a. 机械的 • means n. 手段，方法 • enclosing a. 封闭的 • cylinder n. 圆筒，钢瓶 • dynamite n. 黄色炸药，甘油炸药 • methane n. 甲烷 • immediate a. 立即的，直接的 • surge n. 剧增，汹涌 • space n. 空间，咨询，场所 • theoretical a. 理论上的 • mechanism n. 机理，机械装置

11. Listening &Repeating • undergo v. 承受 • dilution n. 稀释 • predict v. 预计，预料 • mole n. 克分子 • substitute v. 取代 • initiator n. 引爆剂，引发剂 • bonfire n. 大火，野火，营火 • gage = gauge n. 表，表压 • ........................................................................................................... • ethylene oxide 环氧乙烷， 氧化乙烯 • detonating agent 起爆剂 • mercury fulminate 雷汞， 雷酸汞

12. Listening &Repeating • hot platinum wire coil 热铂阻丝 • open flame 明火 • glowing carbon 灼热碳 • film of water 水膜 • ignition temperature 燃点 • explosive decomposition 爆炸分解 • enclosing metal 容器的金属 • dynamite shock test 黄色炸药的冲击试验 • an immediate surge of pressure 压力立即剧增 • confined space 固定的空间

13. Listening &Repeating • upper inflamablility limit 可燃性上限 • atmospheric pressure 常压 • initial pressure 初始压力 • explosion pressure developed 产生的爆炸压力 • confining vessel 密封容器 • violent rupture 猛烈的炸裂 • …………………………………………………………………… • be stable to 对于...是稳定的 • be dissipated to 损耗于...， 散失在...中 • be subjected to 受到... • due to 由于 • contrary to 与…相反

14. Notes • 1.The initiation of an explosive decomposition within a vessel containing ethylene oxide would require a great excess of energy if supplied by purely mechanical means, because this type of energy is dissipated to the closing metal. • 若用纯机械法供给能量引发容器内的环氧乙烷爆炸性分解，将需要很大的过量能，因为这种能量大部分消耗于容器的金属壳中。 • 句中if supplied …by means条件状语从句，该从句为省略句，应为if it is supplied, it 指energy.

15. Notes • 2.An immediate surge of pressure within a close system is produced not only by the sudden increase in the total number of molecules present, within the confined space but also by the rapid rise in temperature, due to the large quantity of energy liberated. • 在密封系统内的压力立即剧增，这不仅是由于在限定的空间内的分子总数突然增加， 也是由于释放出来的大量能量是温度迅速上上造成的。 • 句中within a closed system介词短语，作pressure的定语； not only … but also连接的两个by引导介词短语均作状语，表原因； due to…liberated, 介词短语，作定语，修饰the rapid rise in temperature.

16. Section One Passage B BASF BASF is the 1 diversified chemical company in the world and is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany. BASF originally 2 Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory). Today, the four letters are a registered 3 and the company is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, and Zurich Stock Exchange. The company delisted its ADR from the New York Stock Exchange in September 2007. largest stood for trademark

17. Section One Passage B • The BASF Group comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries and operates six integrated production sites and 390 other production sites in Europe, Asia, Australia, Americas and Africa. Its headquarters is 4 in Ludwigshafen at Rhine (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). BASF has customers in over 200 countries and supplies products to a wide variety of industries. Despite its size and global presence BASF has received relatively little public attention since abandoning its consumer product lines in the '90s. located

18. Section One Passage B employed • 　　At the end of 2010, the company 5 • more than 109,000 people, with over 50,800 in Germany alone. In 2010, BASF posted sales of €63.87 billion and income from operations before special items of about €8.1 billion. The company is currently 6 its international activities with a particular focus on Asia. Between 1990 and 2005, the company invested €5.6 billion in Asia, for example in sites near Nanjing and Shanghai, China and Mangalore in India. expanding

19. Section One Passage B founded • BASF was 7 on 6 April 1865 in Mannheim, in the German-speaking country of Baden by Friedrich Engelhorn. He had been responsible for 8 a gasworks and street lighting for the town council in 1861. The gasworks produced tar as a byproduct, and Engelhorn used this for the production of dyes. BASF was set up in 1865 to 9 other chemicals necessary for dye production, notably soda and acids. The plant, however, was erected on the other side of the Rhine river at Ludwigshafen because the town council of Mannheim was afraid that the air pollution of the chemical plant could 10 the inhabitants of the town. In 1866 the dye production processes were also moved to the BASF site. setting up produce bother

20. Listening &Repeating • diversified a. 多种多样的，多样化的 • headquarter v. 设立总部 • registered n. 已注册的，已挂号的 • trademark n. 商标，牌号，标记 • delist v. 从清单中划去 • Comprise v. 包含，包括，由…组成 • subsidiary n. 子公司 a.附属的，次要的 • integrated a. 集成的，完整的，综合的 • headquarters n. 总部，总公司 • relatively adv. 相对地，比较地

21. Listening &Repeating • abandon v. 抛弃，丢弃 • posted a. 发布的 • expand v. 扩展，扩大 • erect a .直立的 v. 建造；竖立，使直立 • council n.委员会 • gasworks n. 煤气厂 • tar n. 柏油，焦油 v. 涂柏油于 • byproduct n. 副产品 • dye n. 染料 vt. 给…染色 • bother vt. 打扰；使不安 vi. 尽力；担心 n. 烦恼

22. Listening &Repeating • Ludwigshafen n. 路德维希港 • BASF 巴斯夫 • Mangalore 芒格洛尔（印度港市） • Rhine n. 莱茵河 • Rhineland-palatinate n. 莱茵兰-普拉廷 • Baden n. 巴登（西德省名） • Mannheim n .曼海姆（德国西南部城市） • Frankfurt/London/Zurich Stock Exchange 法兰克福/伦敦/苏黎世交易所 • ………………………………………………………………………………………………… • stand for 代表 • a wide variety of 多种多样 • be located in 位于 • be responsible for 负责… • joint venture 合资公司 • set up 建立，竖立，提出（建议） • street lighting 街道照明

23. Notes • 1.BASF is the largest diversified chemical company in the world and is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany. • 巴斯夫是世界上最大的多元化化学公司，其总部在德国的路德维希港。 • 句中sth is headquartered in …在这里为the headquarters of sth lies in …. • 2. In 2010, BASF posted sales of €63.87 billion and income from operations before special items of about €8.1 billion. • 在2010年，BASF公布了63.87亿欧元的销售额，以及特殊项目之前约8.1亿欧元经营收入。 • 句中post本意为张贴，在这里取其引申义公布。€为欧元货币符号。of about €8.1billion作income的定语。

24. Section One Extra Reading Mascara 　　Nowadays, mascara is a must-have in women’s cosmetics bag. It is commonly used to enhance their eyes. It may darken, thicken, and lengthen the eyelashes so that it may make people who wear it look brighter and younger in a very short time. However, it is not a short story to tell about mascara itself.

25. Section One Extra Reading Aesthetic adornment is a cultural universal and mascara can be documented in ancient Egypt. Records from around 4000 BC refer to a substance called kohl that was used to darken eyelashes, eyes, and eyebrows. Kohl was used to mask the eyes, warding off evil spirits and protecting the soul, by both men and women. Often composed of galena, malachite, and charcoal or soot, crocodile stool, honey, and water was added to keep the kohl from running. Through Egypt’s influence, kohl usage persisted in the subsequent Babylonian, Greek and Roman empires. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, kohl fell into disuse on the European continent, where it had been considered solely a cosmetic; conversely, it continued to be widely-used in the Middle East for religious purposes

26. Section One Extra Reading • Make-up was considered unsightly and uncouth in Western culture until the Victorian era. During the Victorian era, social opinion shifted radically towards the promotion of cosmetics, and women were known to spend a majority of their day occupied with beauty regimens. Great efforts were made to create the illusion of long, dark eyelashes. Attempting this, Victorian women made a type of mascara in their own homes. They would heat a mixture of ash or lampblack and elderberry juice on a plate and apply the heated mixture to their eyelashes. • The product that people would recognize as mascara today did not develop until the nineteenth century. A chemist named Eugene Rimmel developed a cosmetic using the newly invented petroleum jelly. The name Rimmel became synonymous with the substance and still translates to “mascara” in the Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Greek, Turkish, Romanian, and Persian languages today.

27. Section One Extra Reading • Across the Atlantic Ocean and at roughly the same time, in 1913, a man named T. L. Williams created a remarkably similar substance for his sister Maybel. Later in 1917, T. L. Williams started a mail-order business from the product that grew to become the company Maybelline. • The mascara developed by these two men consisted of petroleum jelly and coal in a set ratio. It was undeniably messy, and a better alternative was soon developed. A dampened brush was rubbed against a cake containing soap and black dye in equal proportions and applied to the lashes. Still it was extremely messy. No significant improvement occurred until 1957 with an innovation by Helena Rubinstein.

28. Section One Extra Reading • The events leading to Rubinstein’s improvement began in Paris in the early 1900s. There, at the fashion capital of the world, mascara was quickly gaining popularity and common usage. Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein, two giants in the American beauty industry, watched and kept abreast of its development. After the First World War, American consumers became eager for new products. Sensing an opportunity, both Rubinstein and Arden launched their own brands of cosmetics that included mascara. Through the efforts of these two rivals and public temperament, mascara finally gained respectability and favor in American society.

29. Listening &Repeating • mascara n.睫毛膏 • must-have n.必备品 • eyelash n.睫毛 • galena n.方铅矿 • malachite n.孔雀石 • charcoal n.木炭 • soot n.黑烟灰，油烟 • crocodile stool n.鳄鱼粪便 • cosmetics n.化妆品 • aesthetic a.美学的, 审美的, 有美感的 • adornment n.装饰，装饰品

30. Listening &Repeating • universal n.通用，普遍显现 a.普遍的 • kohl n.化妆墨 • darken vi.变黑vt.使变暗 • disuse n.废止 v.废止 • unsightly a. 难看的，丑陋的 • uncouth a.粗俗的 • Victorian era 维多利亚时期 • conversely adv.相反地 • shift n. 移动；轮班v. 移动；转换 • regimen a.养生法，生活课程 • lampblack n.油烟，煤烟

31. Listening &Repeating • elderberry n.接骨木 • synonymous a.同义的 • petroleum jelly 凡士林油 • remarkably adv.显著地，非常地 • undeniably adv.不可否认的 • messy a.糟糕的 • dampen v.使湿润 • rival n. 竞争对手 • respectability n.体面，有社会地位 ……………………………………………………………… • keep abreast of 与…并肩

32. Section One Extra Reading-Notes • 1.During the Victorian era, social opinion shifted radically towards the promotion of cosmetics, and women were known to spend a majority of their day occupied with beauty regimens. • 在维多利亚时代，大众对于化妆品的推广的态度迅速转变，女人们以每天花费大部分时间做美容保养闻名。 • 句中social opinion是指社会大众的观点，翻译时可直接译为人们的观点。occupied with beauty regimens 是women的补语。 • 2. Great efforts were made to create the illusion of long, dark eyelashes. • 人们费了很大的努力去使睫毛看起来纤长浓密。 • 句中illusion本意为幻觉。在这里是说睫毛膏使睫毛看起来比真实的纤长浓密。 • 3. T. L. Williams started a mail-order business from the product that grew to become the company Maybelline. • T.L.威廉斯开始了产品的邮购业务，后来发展成为了美宝莲公司。 • 句中mail-order是指顾客可以通过信函订购商品；that grew to become the company Maybelline是business的定语，是邮购业务壮大，成为了一家公司。

33. Section Two Practical Writing • 1.Useful words & expressions • Invitation for bids 招标书 • loan/credit 贷款 • bid 企图；投标 ；出(价) • World Bank 世界银行 • currency 货币 • eligible 合适的，符合条件的 • bidder 投标人 • Guidelines for Procurement 采购指南 • Local Competitive Bidding 国内竞争式招标 • representative 代表 • bank account 银行账户 • cable 电报 • security 保证金保函

34. Section Two Practical Writing • 2. Useful sentence patterns • Bidding is open to all bidders as defined under the Guidelines for Procurement through Local Competitive Bidding. • The last date for receipt of bids is … • Bids which are not accompanied by a bid security furnished as provided in the Bidding Documents will not be accepted. • Bids will be open at… • … invites bids from eligible suppliers for the following goods to be financed with proceeds of the World Bank credit.

35. Section Two Practical Writing - Sample

36. Section Two Practical Writing - Sample

37. Section Two Practical Writing - Sample

38. Section Two Practical Writing • Task-based writing Below is an incomplete invitation for bids. Please finish this task by filling the blanks with your own information. Invitation for Bids Date: 12th December, 2012 [date of IFB] Loan NO.: IFB NO.: 1.The ( 1 )[name of borrower] has received a loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development （IBRD） in various currencies towards cost of ( 2 )[insert name of project]. It is that part of the proceeds of this loan will be applied to eligible payments under the contract for ( 3 )[insert title of contract].

39. Section Two Practical Writing 2.The ( 4 )[name of employer] now invites sealed bids from pre-qualified eligible bidders for the construction and completion of ( 5 )[insert brief description of the works] (“the Works”). 3.Pre-qualified eligible bidders may obtain further information from and inspect the bidding documents at the office of ( 6 )[insert name of appropriate purchasing unit][insert mailing address of appropriate office for inquiry and insurance of bidding documents and cable, telex, and/or facsimile number]. 4.A complete set of bidding documents may be purchased by interested pre-qualified bidders on the submission of a written application to the above and upon payment of non-refundable fee of ( 7 )[insert amount in borrower’s currency or in a convertible currency].

40. Section Two Practical Writing 5.Bids must be delivered to the above office on or before ( 8 )[insert time] on ( 9 )[insert date] and must be accompanied by a security of ( 10 )[insert fixed sum or percentage of bid amount]. 6.Bids will be opened in the presence of bidders’ representatives who choose to attend at ( 11 )[insert time and date] at the offices of ( 12 )[insert address of appropriate office]. Qualified domestic bidders may be eligible to receive a margin of preference of 7.5 percent in Bid invitation. 7.Qualified domestic bidders may be eligible to receive a margin of preference of 7.5 percent in Bid invitation.

41. Section Three Mini-project • Make a PPt or write a report on basis of information collected from Internet about one of the most famous cosmetic bands.

42. Passage A- Translation 环氧乙烷的爆炸性 • 　　液态环氧乙烷对引爆剂是稳定的，但气态环氧乙烷一旦接触到常用于研究可爆气体混合物的点火器，如雷酸汞或热铂丝时，就会爆炸。可分级的乙炔化合物、静电、过热或明火也会引起气态环氧乙烷爆炸。催化剂床层中的灼热碳和“热点”，对气态环氧乙烷都能起到迅速分解的引发剂作用。 • 气态环氧乙烷爆炸的最直接的引爆源之一是接触明火。当装有环氧乙烷的非绝热容器直接接触明火而又没有水冷膜保护时，环氧乙烷蒸汽会被迅速加热到燃点571℃以上。

43. Passage A- Translation • 如果用纯机械法供给能量引发容器内的环氧乙烷爆炸性分解，将需要很大的过量能， 因为这种能量大部分消耗与容器的金属壳内。当装有环氧乙烷的钢瓶收到黄色炸药冲击试验时，环氧乙烷只有轻微的局部分解。 • 当环氧乙烷爆炸时，分解的产物有氧、氢、甲烷、一氧化碳、乙烷、乙烯和二氧化碳等。在密闭系统内的压力立即剧增，这不仅是由于限定空间内分子总数突然增加，而且是由于释放出来的大量能量是温度迅速上升所造成的。Burden和Burgoyne提出过环氧乙烷蒸汽爆炸性分解的理论性探讨和可能的机理。 • 爆炸极限 • 　　与文献（1）报道的数据不同，这个文献提出，在空气中环氧乙烷蒸汽的可燃性上限为80%，如果用热铂丝引燃，在常压下，100%的环氧乙烷将有45%分解，如果用雷酸汞引爆，将有90%的环氧乙烷蒸汽分解。用空气稀释或稍稍增加一点初始压力，就能提供完全分解的理想条件。

44. Passage A- Translation • 产生的爆炸压力 • 爆炸压力是难以预测和计算的，这是因为释放出来的能量有一些消耗在密闭的容器壁上。显然，当气体的体积对容器表面的比值增大时，消耗在器壁上的能量（每摩尔环氧乙烷的生成热）就减少，而产生的压力就增大。图2和表Ⅱ所给出的数据指出，当环氧乙烷的体积增大时，最终压力不断地增大。这些实验是用工业环氧乙烷蒸汽和热铂丝作为爆炸引发剂进行的。每个实验的初始压力只有5磅/平方英寸（表压600.89千帕）时，钢瓶就会猛烈破坏。试验用的钢瓶，其额定爆破压力为100磅/平方英寸。

45. Passage B- Translation BASF • 　　BASF是世界上最大的多元化化工公司，其总部在德国的路德维希港。BASF最初代表Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabric(巴登苯胺苏打厂). 现在，BASF四个字母则是一个注册商标而且该公司在法兰克福交易所、伦敦交易所和苏黎世交易所上市。2007年9月，该公司从纽约交易所除去了其ADR（美国存托凭证）。 • 巴斯夫集团在超过80个国家拥有子公司或合资公司，且经营了6个综合生产基地和另外390个在欧洲、亚洲、美洲和非洲的生产基地。公司总部位于莱茵河畔的路德维希港。巴斯夫拥有来自超过200个国家的客户，向各行各业提供产品。尽管它有巨大的规模和全球业务，但是,自从九十年代它放弃顾客生产线以来，巴斯夫受到的关注相对较少。

46. Passage B- Translation • 2010年底，该公司拥有约109，000名员工，其中仅在德国就有48000名。在2010年，BASF公布了63.87亿欧元的销售额，以及特殊项目之前约8.1亿欧元的经营收入。巴斯夫目前正在扩展以亚洲为特别关注点的全球活动。1990年到2005年间，巴斯夫在亚洲投资了5.6亿欧元，例如，在中国的南京和上海以及印度的芒格洛尔的周边。 • 巴斯夫于1865年4月6日成立于位于巴登的德语区的曼哈姆，由Friedrich Engelhorn创立。在1861年，他负责市议会的煤气厂建设和街道照明。作为副产品，煤气厂生产焦油，然后Engelhron 将焦油用于颜料生产。巴斯夫于1865年建立以生产颜料生产的化学必需品，尤其是碱和酸。然而，由于化学工厂引起的空气污染影响城镇居民，工厂设立在路德维希港，莱茵河的另一边。1866年，颜料生产也搬迁到BASF所在地。

47. Extra Reading- Translation • 现在，睫毛膏是女人化妆包中的必需品。它通常用来突出她们的眼睛。它可以使睫毛变得更黑，更密而且更长，让涂睫毛膏的人瞬间就看起来更加精神和年轻。然而，睫毛膏本身有悠久的历史。 • 　　审美装饰是一个普遍的文化现象，而睫毛膏在古埃及时代已有记载。公元前4000年的记载提及了一种称为化妆墨的物质，用于涂黑眼睫毛，眼睛和眉毛。 男人和女人都用化妆墨用来掩饰眼睛，阻挡恶灵和保护灵魂。通常由方铅矿，孔雀石，木炭和黑烟灰制成，另外再加上蜂蜜和水以防止化妆墨脱落。受埃及的影响，化妆墨的使用一直持续到后来的巴比伦、希腊和罗马帝国。随着罗马的衰落，化妆墨在只将其视为化妆品的欧洲大陆上废止。相反，出于宗教目的，它在中东地区得以继续广泛使用。

48. Extra Reading- Translation • 维多利亚时期之前，西方文化视化妆为粗俗丑陋之事。维多利亚时期，人们对化妆品推广的态度急剧改变，女人们以每天花费大部分时间做美容保养闻名。人们费了很大努力去使睫毛看起来纤长浓密。为此，维多利亚的女人们在自家制作了一种睫毛膏。她们将一种灰或煤烟同接骨木汁的混合物在盘子里加热，将热的混合物用于她们的睫毛。 • 今天人们视为睫毛膏的产品直到19世纪才发展起来。一位名为Eugene Rimmel的化学家用新发明的凡士林油开发了一种化妆品。Eugene Rimmel的名字变成了该物质的同义词，而且，在意大利语，葡萄牙语，西班牙语，希腊语，土耳其语，罗马尼亚语和波斯语中仍译为“睫毛膏”。 • 在大西洋彼岸，大约同一时间，一个叫T.L.威廉斯的男人于1913年为他的姐姐制作了非常类似的物质。后来，在1917年，T.L.威廉斯开始邮购业务，之后发展成为美宝莲公司。　　

49. Extra Reading- Translation • 这两个男人开发的睫毛膏有一定比例的凡士林和碳组成。不可否认，它很糟糕，不久更好的替代品就被开发了出来。湿润的刷子用包含皂和黑色颜料的块状物摩擦后，用之于睫毛。它仍然还是很糟。直到1957年，Helena Rubinstein的创新发明才让睫毛膏有了明显改善。 • 引起Rubinsetein改进的事情发生在二十世纪早期的巴黎。在那里，在世界时尚之都，睫毛膏得以迅速普及和广泛使用。Elizabeth Arden和Helena Rubinstein—美容业的巨人—见证和跟上了其发展。一战后，美国消费者热切渴望新产品。Rubinstein 和Arden察觉到了商机，开办了他们自己的化妆品品牌，其中就包括睫毛膏。通过这两位竞争者的不懈努力和大众气质，睫毛膏最终在美国社会赢得了社会地位和喜爱。

50. 理工英 语 Thank You !