Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? By William Shakespeare

1. Extended or telescoping metaphor or conceitA metaphor that extends through several lines or through an entire piece."The telescoped metaphor . . . probably takes its name from the way in which pocket telescopes pull out from themselves when we extend their concentric tubes. . . .

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?By William Shakespeare • Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed.But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

2. Metonyma word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing; "Washington is a metonym for the United States government"; "plastic is a metonym for credit card" • The Pen is mightier than the sword. • The suits in the corporate office made the decision for the layoff. • The checkbooks in the accounting department made the decision for them • The crown ruled with an iron fist.

Say if the sentences or phrases below are metaphors or metonyms. • 1. His hands were vine shoots.2. He took to the bottle after his wife's death.3. There was not a soul in the street.4. Life is not a bed of roses.5. The dinner cost us twenty pounds per head.6. Would you like a Scotch?7. He is afraid of the Evil One.8. The music of her laugh.9. He is a wet blanket.10. He was a man of cloth.

Answers: • 1. metaphor2. metonym3. metonym4. metaphor5. metonym6. metonym7. metonym8. metaphor9. metaphor10. metonym

3. Mixed metaphorA metaphor that does not correlate • The waves of emotion have punctured my heart. • We’ve weathered plenty of storms with an iron will. • A leopard can't change his stripes. Al Gore • as proud as pea soup • I could hear the handwriting on the wall. • He's not the sharpest marble in the drawer.

4. Absolute metaphor • An absolute metaphor is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image. (Also known as antimetaphor) it is a far out metaphor • Example: "We are the eyelids of defeated caves.“ • "A television set is the autobahn of a living room." “The duck is an onion.”

Mixed and Absolute Metaphors • Write 2 mixed metaphors and 3 absolute metaphors. • Make sure they are appropriate to share in class.

Metaphor review • A metaphor should have some association between the two unrelated things. • You should explore the metaphor • It becomes an unusable metaphor when the association is lost or the association never existed. • Look at some metaphors from House. These will help you keep in mind what is a good metaphor.

Saying there appears to be some clotting is like saying there's a traffic jam ahead. Is it a ten-car pile up, or just a really slow bus in the center lane? And if it is a bus, is that bus thrombotic or embolic? I think I pushed the metaphor too far. (Euphoria, Part 1") • The liver is like a cruise ship taking in water. As it starts to sink, it sends out an SOS. Only instead of radio waves, it uses enzymes. The more enzymes in the blood, the worse the liver is. But once the ship has sunk, there's no more SOS. You think the liver's fine, but it's already at the bottom of the sea.("Locked In") • No, there is not a thin line between love and hate. There is, in fact, a Great Wall of China with armed sentries posted every twenty feet between love and hate. ("Occam's Razor")

Identify the metaphors as absolute or mixed. • I am the dog end of every day. • We are the eyelids of defeated caves • That's awfully thin gruel for the right wing to hang their hats on.“ (MSNBC, Sep. 3, 2009) • "I knew enough to realize that the alligators were in the swamp and that it was time to circle the wagons." (Rush Limbaugh) • That is worth less than a dead digeridoo. • We faced a scallywag of tasks. • "Sir, I smell a rat; I see him forming in the air and darkening the sky; but I'll nip him in the bud."

answers • Absolute • Absolute • Mixed • Mixed • Absolute • Absolute • Mixed

5. Implied metaphor • Implied metaphor is an indirect metaphor where an implication to the whole is made. • Shut your trap. • He ruffled his feathers. • to describe a stubborn man unwilling to leave, one could say that he was "a mule standing his ground." This is a fairly explicit metaphor; the man is being compared to a mule. But to say that the man "brayed his refusal to leave" is to create an implied metaphor,

6. Dead metaphor • A dead metaphor occurs where the once-evocative transferred image is no longer effective or even understood, perhaps being lost in the aeons of time. • Fabulous was something worthy of fable. Like many other superlatives, it has lost its original edge and now just means 'good‘ • Face of the mountains • Crown of glory

Why study metaphors? • Stephen Colbert: Let's talk about meaning for a second. Okay, metaphors. What's the difference between a metaphor and a lie? Okay, because I am the sun, you are the moon. That's a lie--you're not the moon. I'm not the sun. What's the difference between a metaphor and a lie?Elizabeth Alexander: Well, that was both a metaphor and a lie, so the two are not necessarily mutually exclusive. A metaphor is a way of using language where you make a comparison to let people understand something as it relates to something else. That's how we use the language to increase meaning.Stephen Colbert: Why don't you just say what you mean instead of dressing things up in all this flowery language like the great Romantic poets--"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day"? Why don't you say, "You're hot--let's do it"?

7. Dormant metaphor • When the meaning of a metaphor becomes unclear because the sentence has been shortened, then it is called a dormant metaphor. Think of these as vague metaphors. • He was blazing. • She flew at him. [Why? In anger? Love?]

Explain why these are vague. • He was carried away by his passions. • He was shining. • He was rattled.

8. Synecdoche metaphor • a part of the association is used instead of the object. For example feathers instead of bird or claws instead of crab. These associations are symbolic of the whole. • Fifty head referring to 50 head of cattle • Listen, you've got to come take a look at my new set of wheels.One refers to a vehicle in terms of some of its parts, "wheels • Cat referring to a lion

Synecdoche practice • Write the word that it is actually representing. • 1. His parents bought him a new set of wheels. • 2. Use your head to figure it out • 3. Those are some nice threads. • 4. My brother uses plastic to pay for everything! • 5. She wore gold around her neck.

Answers • 1. wheels = car • 2. head = brain, thinking skills • 3. threads = clothes • 4. plastic = credit cards • 5. gold = gold necklaces

9. Root metaphor • Root metaphors are named thus because from them numerous other metaphors can take birth. Also, they are generalizations like - • Time is money. • Make hay while the sun shines. • Life as journey.

10. Active metaphor • Active metaphors are new born so you will have to introduce them to the world. They are not familiar to the reader. That’s why it is better if they are explained clearly. • Her blinking love. • They mashed each other’s lives. • Any new metaphor that hasn’t been written before is an active metaphor.

11. Submerged metaphor • In a submerged metaphor, the first part of the metaphor or the vehicle is implied. For example: his winged dreams or her legged ambition. • Her thoughts were on the wing. [wing > bird > flight] • He legged it. [Leg > human > run] • A photon struck him; bolts were for greater men. [photon > light > small idea; bolt > lightning > big ideas]

12. Dying metaphor - one which has become so over-used, it is considered unfashionable or lacking in eloquence to use it. In effect, it is a cliché. • Needle in a haystack • Achilles heel • A different ball game • Thanks -- that's just the ticket, old chap. I'm over the moon about it.

13. Conceptual metaphor • A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another. These are two different experiences. • My life has just halted • I have reached crossroads. • I came into this world with no luggage

14. Pataphor • Pataphors are metaphors that are stretched to such an extreme that they do not make sense. They are usually used to attract attention and introduce newness. • Panting hard, he hand-braked the corner, power-sliding into the doorway. [running as driving] • Noisy twinkling in the night, the shares blew hypnotic shards of brilliance down on the hopeful investors. [Share price movement as a sky-rocket firework]

15. Simple or Tight metaphor • In simple metaphor, you don’t need to do much. Just cool it. • Cool down! [Cool = temperature] • He was mad. [mad = anger] • I'll chew on it. [chew = think] • Duck (bow) down. • He is mad (crazy). • You’re a dinosaur (huge). • Usually, simple metaphors are very short. Just two or three words at most.

16. Implicit metaphor • In an implicit metaphor, the full subject is not explained, but is implied from the context of the sentence. • Shut your trap. • Watch your tongue. • Here, ‘trap’ and ‘tongue’ are used instead of mouth and words.

17. Compound or Loose metaphor • A compound metaphor is made of more than one similarity. In it, the writer extends a metaphor by using more than one association. • He ran towards the murderer, a wild beast with a beating heart. • The air smelt of fear, the fear of abandonment.

18. Complex metaphorA metaphor in which literal meaning is expressed through more than one figurative term (a combination of primary metaphors). • For example using a metaphor of 'light' for 'understanding' may be complexified by saying 'throwing light' rather than 'shining light'. 'Throwing' is thus an additional metaphor for how light arrives. • That lends weight to the argument. • They stood alone, frozen statues on the plain. • The ball happily danced into the net.

We walk through volumes of the unexpressed and like snails leave behind a faint thread excreted out of ourselves.(John Updike, "The Blessed Man of Boston")I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking. Recording the man shaving at the window opposite and the woman in the kimono washing her hair. Some day, all this will have to be developed, carefully printed, fixed."(Christopher Isherwood, The Berlin Stories) • Laura sang like an old cat.As we revise our draft, we might try adding more details to the comparison to make it more precise and interesting:When Laura sang, she sounded like a cat sliding down a chalkboard. • Practice Using Similes and Metaphors • George has been working at the same automobile factory six days a week, ten hours a day, for the past twelve years.(Use a simile or a metaphor to show how worn out George was feeling.) • Katie had been working all day in the summer sun.(Use a simile or a metaphor to show how hot and tired Katie was feeling.) • This is Kim Su's first day at college, and she is in the middle of a chaotic morning registration session.(Use a simile or a metaphor to show either how confused Kim feels or how chaotic the entire session is.) • Victor spent his entire summer vacation watching quiz shows and soap operas on television.(Use a simile or a metaphor to describe the state of Victor's mind by the end of his vacation.) • After all the troubles of the past few weeks, Sandy felt peaceful at last.(Use a simile or a metaphor to describe how peaceful or relieved Sandy was feeling.)

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? By William Shakespeare