Introduction to Criminal Justice

1. Introduction to Criminal Justice HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT Chapter Five Bohm and Haley

2. The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement The United States has almost 18,000 public law enforcement agencies. The jurisdiction of each agency is carefully limited by law. Law enforcement is also limited by the procedural law derived from U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

3. Jurisdiction The right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter, territory, or person.

4. The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement In comparison with other democratic nations of the world, the United States has remarkably more police agencies that operate under far more restrictions on their authority. Like much of the criminal justice system, this limited law enforcement model came from England.

5. The Development of American Law Enforcement Key Issues to Know Tithing system Shire reeve / posses Constable-watch system Constable Peel’s Principles of Policing Slave patrols Frontier law enforcement

6. Community Policing A desire to actually improve neighborhoods led to the modern concept of community policing,which involves: • A problem-oriented approach aimed at handling a broad range of troublesome situations. • Greater emphasis on foot patrols. • Building a relationship with citizens, so they would be more willing to help the police.

7. Community Policing A contemporary approach to policing that actively involves the community in a working partnership to control and reduce crime.

8. Public Law Enforcement Agencies in the United States

9. Characteristics of Local Full-Time Police Officers

10. Local Police Duties Four categories of local police duties are: • Law enforcement: investigating crime and arresting suspects. • Order maintenance or peacekeeping: controlling crowds, intervening in domestic disputes. • Service: escorting funeral processions, taking people to the hospital. • Information gathering: determining neighborhood reactions to a proposed liquorlicense, investigating a missing child.

11. Organizational Structure How a police agency is structured depends on: • The size of the agency. • The degree of specialization. • The philosophy the leadership has chosen. • The political context of the department. • The history and preferences of a particularcommunity.

12. Characteristics of Sheriffs’ Personnel

13. County Law Enforcement Functions County sheriff and department personnel perform many functions such as: • Investigating crimes. • Supervising sentenced offenders. • Enforcing criminal and traffic laws. • Serving summons, warrants, and writs. • Providing courtroom security. • Transporting prisoners. • Operating a county jail.

14. Politics and County Law Enforcement Most sheriffs are directly elected and depend on an elected board of county commissioners or supervisors for funding. Sheriffs generally have a freer hand in running their agencies than do police chiefs.

15. State Law Enforcement State law enforcement agencies provide criminal and traffic law enforcement, and other services particular to the needs of that state government. In 2000, the 49 primary state law enforcement agencies (Hawaii has no state police agency) had 87,028 employees

16. State Police Model State Police Model and the Highway Patrol Model A model of state law enforcement services in which the agency and its officers have the same law enforcement powers as local police, but can exercise them anywhere within the state. Highway Patrol Model A model of state law enforcement services in which officers focus on highway traffic safety, enforcement of the state’s traffic laws, and the investigation of accidents on the state’s roads, highways, and on state property.

17. State Law Enforcement Both state police and highway patrol agencies perform the following services: • Help regulate commercial traffic. • Conduct bomb investigations. • Protect the governor and the capitol grounds and buildings. • Administer computerized information networks for the state, which link up with the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) run by the FBI.

18. Federal Law Enforcement Among the best-known federal law enforcement agencies are: • FBI • U.S. Secret Service • Treasury Department • Drug Enforcement Agency As of June 2002, federal agencies employed nationwide more than 93,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms.

19. Federal Law Enforcement Major differences between federal law enforcement and local and state police are: • Federal agencies operate across the nation. • Federal agencies usually do not have peacekeeping duties. • Some federal agencies have very narrow jurisdictions.

20. The Department of Homeland Security The United States Congress responded to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, by enacting theHomeland Security Act of 2002. The act established theDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS).According to the legislation, this new executivedepartment was created to: continued on next slide

21. The Department of Homeland Security • Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States. • Reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism. • Minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States. • Carry out all functions of entities transferred to the department, including by acting as a focal point regarding natural and manmade crises and emergency planning. continue on next slide

22. The Department of Homeland Security • Ensure that the functions of the agencies and subdivisions within the department that are not related directly to securing the homeland are not diminished or neglected except by an explicit act of Congress. • Ensure the overall economic security of the United States is not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland. continued on next slide

23. The Department of Homeland Security • Monitor connections between illegal drug trafficking and terrorism, coordinate efforts to sever such connections, and otherwise contribute to efforts to interdict illegal drug trafficking.

24. American Private Security Private security in the United States is a huge enterprise. It has been estimated that twice as many people work in private security as in public law enforcement.

25. Contract Security amdProprietary Security Contract Security Protective services that a private security firm provides to people, agencies, and companies that do not employ their own security personnel or that need extra protection. Contract security employees are not peace officers. Proprietary Security In-house protective services that a security staff, which is not classified as sworn peace officers, provide for the entity that employs them.

26. Issues Involving Private Security A number of unresolved problems and issues hamper the private security industry: • Legal status and authority derive from the rights of the employer. Private security has few constitutional limitations and can be held civilly liable. • Public policing in a private capacity. Sworn officers often work for private companies, blurring the lines of responsibility and liability.