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7. The Skeleton: Part A. The Axial Skeleton …. Bones of cranium. The Skull. I . Introduction Two sets of bones A. Cranium = Bone Category Function Cranial vault ( calvaria ) Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae B. Facial bones Make up: Functions:.

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  1. 7 The Skeleton: Part A

  2. The Axial Skeleton …

  3. Bones of cranium The Skull I. Introduction • Two sets of bones A. Cranium = • Bone Category • Function • Cranial vault (calvaria) • Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae B. Facial bones • Make up: • Functions: Facial bones Interior Surface of posterior of skull Cranial Base

  4. Cranial Base Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae Figure 7.2b

  5. Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital margin Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Optic canal Temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Mandible Vomer Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a

  6. II. Bones of Cranium A. Frontal Bone • Location: • Anterior cranial fossa • Orbits– • Supraorbital Foramen– • Frontal sinus

  7. B. Occipital Bone • Location • posterior cranial fossa • Articulates with: • Attachment for: • External Occipital Protuberance– • Hypoglossal Canal • Occipital Condyles– • Foramen Magnum

  8. Occipital Bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle (b) Posterior view Figure 7.4b

  9. C. Temporal Bones • Location: • Four regions– students do • Zygomatic P. • External Auditory Meatus • Mandibular Fossa • Mastoid P. • Stylomastoid F.– • Styloid P.–

  10. Temporal Bone … • F. Lacerum– closed by cartilage • Internal Auditory Meatus– • Jugular F.– • Carotid Canal

  11. Squamous region External acoustic meatus Mastoid region Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Tympanic region Styloid process Figure 7.8

  12. D. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures • Location • 4 sutures • 1 Coronal • 1 Lambdoid • 2 Squamous • 1 Sagittal • Sutural Bones: .Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

  13. ANTERIOR E. Sphenoid Bone Clinoid Processes • Keystone bone: • Lesser Wing • Greater Wing– • SellaTurcica • Hypophyseal Fossa.– • Anterior Clinoid P. • Posterior Clinoid P. • Optic Canal– • F. Rotundum– • F. Ovale– • F. Spinosum-- • F. Lacerum

  14. E. Sphenoid Bone … • Superior Orbital Fissure– • Lateral & Medial Pterygoid P.– Lesser wing Body of sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process

  15. Interior View of Inferior Surface Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Body of sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process (a) Superior view Exterior View of Inferior Surface Figure 7.9a

  16. F. Ethmoid Bone • Deepest skull bone • Contributes to • Perpendicular Plates– • Superior & Middle Nasal Concha– • Cribriform Plate– • Crista Galli–

  17. Crista galli Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Figure 7.10

  18. Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Septal cartilage Palatine bone Vomer Alveolar margin of maxilla Hard palate Palatine process of maxilla (b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage Figure 7.14b

  19. III. Bones of the FaceA. Mandible • Coronoid P.– • Mandibular Condyle– • Mandibular Foramen– • Mandibular Notch • Ramus– • Alveolar P.– • Mental F.– • Angle– • Body– • Temporomandibular joint:

  20. A. Mandible … Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular Condyle OR Condylar Process Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view Figure 7.11a

  21. Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital margin Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Optic canal Temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Mandible Vomer Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a

  22. B. Maxillary Bones • Medially fused = • Keystone bones • Inferior Orbital Fissure– • Infraorbital Foramen– • Alveolar Process • Palantine Process—

  23. Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view Figure 7.11b

  24. Incisive fossa Maxilla (palatine process) Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Vomer Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.6a

  25. C. Zygomatic Bones • Cheekbones • Temporal Process– • Zygomatic Arch Zygomatic Arch

  26. D. Nasal Bones E. Lacrimal Bones • Lacrimal fossa = Nasal-lacrimal Groove:

  27. F. Palatine bones Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity Small part of the orbits Posterior one-third of hard palate via Horizontal P. G. Vomer Plow shaped Lower part of nasal septum Palatine Bones and Vomer

  28. H. Inferior Nasal Conchae • One of the 3 Nasal Conchae • Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity • Warms air Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Maxillary bone (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate)

  29. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Sphenoid sinus Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Figure 7.14a

  30. IV. Hyoid Bone—Students do Greater horn Lesser horn Body Figure 7.12

  31. V. Paranasal Sinuses– Students do Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial aspect (a) Anterior aspect

  32. VI. Foramina A. Interior Surface of inferior view of cranium (inside) • Optic On • RotundumRound • OvaleOval • SpinosumSpine • LacerumLacerated • Internal Auditory Meatus In AMean • Jugular Jug

  33. B. External Surface of Inferior View • Ovale Oval • Spinosum Spine • Lacerum Lacerates • CarotidCarrot • Jugular Jug • Hypoglossal Horizontally • Stylomastoid Stylishly

  34. VII Orbits Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Optic canal • Lesser wing ofsphenoid bone • Orbital plate offrontal bone Medial wall • Sphenoid body Lateral wall of orbit • Orbital plateof ethmoid bone • Zygomatic processof frontal bone • Frontal processof maxilla • Greater wing ofsphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface ofzygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process ofpalatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface ofmaxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone (b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Figure 7.13a

  35. VIII. Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull • Skull bones are unfused at birth • Fontanelles: • = • Function: • 6 = Anterior (1), posterior (1), mastoid (2), and sphenoid (2) • Ossify by:

  36. Frontal suture Frontal bone Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone (a) Superior view Parietal bone Frontal bone Ossification center Sphenoidal fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Temporal bone (squamous portion) Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone (b) Lateral view Figure 7.35

  37. END NEXT: • Skull Diagram Practice Questions

  38. Practice Skull Quiz When not indicated, the question is what “part” of bone. bone bone bone bone bone bone Part of bone bone Part of bone bone bone bone (a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a

  39. suture bone Type of bone suture bone suture (b) Posterior view Figure 7.4b

  40. Incisive fossa Bone & part Hard palate Bone & part) Hole Bone bone Bone & part Bone & process) opening opening Bone opening Part opening opening Part opening Part opening Bone & part Part Pharyngeal tubercle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line bone Part Opening (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.6a

  41. Bone Part Bone Part Openings Anterior cranial fossa Opening Part Bone Opening Part Opening Part & entire Structure called Opening Opening Middle cranial fossa Opening Bone & part) Opening Opening Opening Posterior cranial fossa View Bone Bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Figure 7.7a

  42. bone suture Bone & part bone bone bone bone suture Part suture bone bone bone Part bone Opening Part Part Part Part bone Part Opening Part Part Part (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Figure 7.5a

  43. Bone = joint Part & Bone Part Part Part Opening Part Part Opening Part Part Figure 7.11a

  44. Bone = Part Opening Part Part Bone Figure 7.10

  45. Bone = Part Part Opening Opening Opening Part Opening Part & entire Structure Opening Part Part Opening Part Part (a) Superior view Figure 7.9a

  46. bone fontanelle bone fontanelle bone (a) Superior view bone bone fontanelle fontanelle bone fontanelle bone (b) Lateral view Figure 7.35

  47. BONE MARKINGS

  48. Incisive fossa Maxilla (palatine process) Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Vomer Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.6a

  49. Temporal Bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Alveolar margins Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Coronoid process Mandibular angle (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Figure 7.5a

  50. Cribriform plate Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Crista galli Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Lesser wing Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen lacerum Middle cranial fossa Internal acoustic meatus Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Posterior cranial fossa View Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Figure 7.7a

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