Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One

1. Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One Microbiology

2. Metabolism • The sum total of all cellular reactions

3. Metabolism • Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell • Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

4. Energy • Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations • Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

5. Biochemical Reactions enzyme • Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate) Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrate Envisioned as a lock and key More probable like an induced fit

6. Enzymes • Are biological catalysts • Proteins • Their tertiary structure produces a specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

7. Enzymes • Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate • Orient the substrate so the reaction occur • Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

8. Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swfEnzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf

9. Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.htmlEnzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html

10. Protease – breaks down proteins • DNase breaks down and recycles DNA • Kinase- tranfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule

11. Activation energy

12. Activation energy • Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction • All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

14. Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction • Temperature • pH • Concentration of enzyme • Concentration of substrate

15. Optimal Temperature and pH

16. Competitive Inhibition

17. Non Competitive Inhibitor

18. NAD- Coenzyme

19. NAD+

20. FAD Coenzyme

21. REDOX Reactions • Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen • Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

22. REDOX

23. REDOX REACTION

24. Feedback Inhibition

25. Allosteric Interactions

26. Coupled reactions • Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

28. student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/adpan.html

29. Terms • Chemo – chemical energy • Photo – light energy • Organo – organic molecules • Litho – uptake larger organic molecules for biosynthesis • Auto – produces its own organic molecules from basic molecules

30. Chemoorganoheterotroph • Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source • Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

31. Chemolithoautotroph • Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source • Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

32. Photolithoautotroph • Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source. • Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria • Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment • Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

33. Photoorganoheterotroph • Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes • Uses alternative pigments to capture light

34. Pathways

35. Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a product • Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose • Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

36. Cycles

37. Krebs – Citric Acid