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Models of urban structure

Urban / Services FYI. 1. Cities have many issues to deal with Race relationsTrafficWater delivery/ infrastructurePollutionSprawl2. Cities are ranked in a hierarchy: hamlet to megalopolisLargest megalopolis in USA = NYC area (Bos Wash). 3. There are only 3 World Cities: NYC, Londo

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Models of urban structure

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    1. Models of urban structure

    2. Urban / Services FYI 1. Cities have many issues to deal with Race relations Traffic Water delivery/ infrastructure Pollution Sprawl 2. Cities are ranked in a hierarchy: hamlet to megalopolis Largest megalopolis in USA = NYC area (Bos – Wash) 3. There are only 3 World Cities: NYC, London, Tokyo Other cities are ranked based on importance to their service areas (SEP) 4. Primate cities have 2x the amount of population as the next largest city in the same country (London, Paris, Buenos Aires….)

    3. 5. The USA has 3 basic models of urban structure: Concentric Zones/ Burgess, Sectors/Hoyt, Multiple Nuclei/ Ullman and Harris 6. Continents have different urban characteristics: Europe-older/more historic cities, poor in suburbs, not inner cities…. Asia-cities are built as ports for trade b/c of colonialism Latin America-High income houses are built on a spine from the CBD Africa-3 separate CBDs: colonial, modern, market zone (pre-colonial)

    4. 7. All cities fit w/in Christaller’s central place theory. Some have greater ranges and need bigger thresholds.

    5. Burgess – Concentric Zone model A model describing land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinct type of land use. Studied 1920’s Chicago to make this model 5 concentric zones Immigrants lived in inner zones causing affluent residents to move further out Weaknesses-- does not allow for change in the city does not allow for physical geographic barriers like mtns, rivers, etc..

    6. Sector model/Hoyt A description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation corridors. Answered drawbacks of Burgess Model Growth creates PIE shaped urban structures CBD isn’t as important is Burgess says it was Sectors develop along transport routes (hwy, RR, etc)

    7. The Sector Model -Homer Hoyt (1939) There tends to be a filtering down process as older areas are abandoned by the outward movement of their original inhabitants, with the lowest-income population becoming the dubious beneficiaries of the least desirable vacated areas.

    8. Multiple Nuclei Model – Harris and Ullman (1945) The postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central business district. There are several nodes of growth, each of specialized use. The separately expanding use districts eventually coalesce at their margins.

    9. Urban Realms Model Modeled after L.A. in the 1990’s Post WWII cities grew increasingly outward Nuclei or Realms become less dependent on each other, and much less on the CBD Realms became largely self-sufficient in most cases Regional shopping centers became like the CBD

    10. Models of urban structure Color code the map using 10 colors or patterns so you can distinguish the zones in each model.

    11. Edge Cities Edge Cities – Joel Garreau Nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections.

    12. The Concentric Zone Model - Ernest Burgess(1925) 1. CBD is primary and at the center, CBD is also divided into districts (financial, retail, fashion, etc) 2. Zone in transition – residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing 3. Independent workers homes – closely spaced homes, typically blue collar homes Better residences – middle class/white collar Commuter zone – suburban ring

    13. The Sector Model -Homer Hoyt (1939) Sector 1 – high rent 2 Intermediate rent 3. Low Rent residential 4. Education and recreation 5. Transportation 6. Industrial 7. Core

    14. The Concentric Zone Model - Ernest Burgess(1925) It recognizes four concentric circles of mostly residential diversity at increasing distance in all directions from the wholesaling, warehousing, and light industry border of the high-density CBD core. A zone in transition is marked by the deterioration of old residential structures abandoned, as the city expanded, by the former wealthier occupants and now containing high-density, low income slums, warehouses and (in some areas) gentrified buildings.

    15. Other Urban models info The Galactic City As suburbs continue to sprawl they spawn many suburban nucleations, which are simply multiple downtowns and special function nodes and corridors, which are linked by the metropolitan expressway system. Squatter Settlements An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. Density Gradient The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

    16. Gentrification The movement into the inner portions of American cities of middle- and upper-income people who replace low-income populations, rehabilitate the structures they occupied, and change the social character of neighborhoods.

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