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Psychology & Cognitive Science. Topics Cognitive Psychology Perception Learning Memory Communication (Language) Cognition (thinking) Information Processing Problem Solving Decision Making Intelligence. Psychology & Cognitive Science. Topics Cognitive Psychology Perception Learning
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Psychology & Cognitive Science • Topics • Cognitive Psychology • Perception • Learning • Memory • Communication (Language) • Cognition (thinking) • Information Processing • Problem Solving • Decision Making • Intelligence
Psychology & Cognitive Science • Topics • Cognitive Psychology • Perception • Learning • Memory • Communication (Language) • Cognition (thinking) • Information Processing • Problem Solving • Decision Making • Intelligence
Memory: Some General Issues • Nature of Forgetting • Schemas (organization of memory) • Kinds of Memory • Improving Memory • Development of Memory • Applied questions of Memory • Eyewitness testimony (false memories) • Clinical Memory Deficits (e.g. Alzheimer's)
Forgetting • Theoretical Issues • Organic versus Inorganic Memory • Decay Theory • Retrieval Failure Theory • Evidence
Decay Theory: Nature of Brains • Dynamic nature of physiology • Cell death • Synaptic changes • Long-term • Short-term • Physiological variability • Chemical turnover
Retrieval Failure Theory • The idea • Storage versus access • Adaptive Forgetting? • William James “in the practical use of our intellect, forgetting is as important as remembering” • Evidence
Cued Recall • Example experiment: • List of nouns from four categories • Recall test • Cued recall test
Dog Car Rose Boob Cat Bike Daisy Did Beaver Train Tulip Nun Lion Bus Violet Racecar
Recognition Versus Recall • Recall Test • Recognition Test • Evidence • Recall as reconstruction • False memories
Context • Example • Word List learned under water or on land • Recall test under water or on land • LEARNTEST G 1 UW UW G 2 UW land G3 land UW G4 land land (G1 = G4) > (G2 = G3)
Organization of Memory • Input Organization
Organization of Memory • Input Organization List AList B boat fish airplane car car lamp fish airplane rabbit desk dog dog chair chair desk rabbit lamp boat
Organization of Memory • Input Organization List AList B boat fish airplanecar car lamp fish airplane rabbit desk dog dog chair chair desk rabbit lamp boat
Organization of Memory • Output Organization fish car lamp airplane desk dog chair rabbit boat
Organization of Memory • Output Organization fish, rabbit, dog car, airplane desk, lamp
Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B B - B B
Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B B - B B Proactive Interference
Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B A A -
Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B A A - A Retroactive Interference
Improving Memory • What is to be remembered • Pictures versus words • Faces versus objects or words • Flashbulb memories • Familiarity not enough What does a penny look like?
Levels of Processing • G1 Count vowels • G2 Memorize • G3 Rate Pleasantness • Results: • (G3 = G2) > G1
Transfer Appropriate Processing • Test Item: raDio • Instructions: • G1 - Does it have a capital letter? • G2 - Does it use electricity? • Test: raDio, Cedar,dadDyG2>G1 • Test: raDio, Radio,radiOG1>G2
Ecological Validity • The issue • Laboratory phenomena vs. the real world • Memory Observed, UlricNeisser • Recent trends
Memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxVb6M8UPTQ