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Source separation – the future is now? On urine and blackwater separation

Source separation – the future is now? On urine and blackwater separation. Håkan Jönsson Professor Department of Energy and Technology Institutionen för energi och teknik. Contributions to household wastewater, g/ p,yr (kg/ p,yr for mass and mg/ p,yr for Cd).

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Source separation – the future is now? On urine and blackwater separation

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  1. Source separation – the future is now?On urine and blackwater separation Håkan Jönsson Professor Department of Energy and Technology Institutionen för energi och teknik

  2. Contributions to household wastewater, g/p,yr (kg/p,yr for mass and mg/p,yr for Cd)

  3. Urine & blackwater as fertilizer N effect • Approx similar to NH4+-N fertilzer. In Sweden: 90% of NH4NO3 fertilizer after reduction for NH3-loss. (Johansson et al. 2000) P effect • Similar to mineral P fertilizer (Kirchman & Pettersson, 1995) • Blackwater ought to be simila) Certified fertilizer according system SPCR178

  4. Composition compared with removed nutrients Jönsson & Vinnerås, 2013. Closing the loop: Recycling nutrients to agriculture. In: Wastewater Treatment: Source Separation and Decentralisation, Larsen,m.fl. (eds.), IWA Publishing-

  5. Urine separation system CollectionTreatment/sanitizationProductive use Foto: H. Jönsson Foto: H. Jönsson Foto: Wostman Ecology Urinestorage at Bornsjön. Capacity: 450 m3 Spreadingofurine at Bornsjön. WME DS Ecoflush Foto: www.saniphos.nl Foto: Yara.se Foto: Gustavsberg SaNiPhos struvite plant, Zutphen, NL. Capacity 5000 m3/yr. Start 2010. Spreadingof mineral fertilizer Gustavsberg

  6. Black water system Low water collectionTreatment/SanitizationProductive use Urea Foto: H. Jönsson Photo: Brenda Vidal Estévez Foto: H. Jönsson Storage & treatmentfacility for blackwater in Uddevalla. Spreadingofliquidfertilizer at Bornsjön. Foto: Yara.se Foto: E. .von Muench Spreadingof mineral fertilizer UASB-Septicreactor, Sneek , NL

  7. N and P needed for activated sludge BOD7:N:P 100:3.5:0.8 (Rennerfelt, 1991) BOD5:N:P 100:5:1 (Eckenfelder & Musterman. 1998) Urine: 100:220:20 Blackwater: 100:32:4 Mixed household wastewater: 100:21:3 Greywater: 100:5:1 Greywater  25% household wastewater + 75% carbon source BOD:N:P for fractions

  8. Source separation effects on wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) • Increases BOD:N  simplifies N reduction • Lower sludge age & more sludge  increased biogas yield Urine separation • 85% US & struvite (Wilsenach & van Loosdrecht, 2003): Energy: 299 MJ/p,yr -38 MJ/p,yr, EffuentNtot7 mg/l  1 mg/l. • 40% US (Wilsenach, 2006, p98) Increased WWTP capacity 20%, 60% if combined with preprecipitation Blackwater • Operational Cost Index in BSM2

  9. Environemental systems analysis results

  10. Hygiene Urine • Sterile in the bladder & very few pathogens can spread via urine - Risk due to possible faecal contamination • NV (2013): 1 month storage. Blackwater • Faeces - high pathogen risk • NV (2013) – like sludge e.g. 8 h at 55°C or … 75mM NH3, 3,7 g/l TAN @ pH9 T4°C • Few pathogens to environment, also at overflows • Pathogens in greywater 10-4 as many as in mixed WW • Decreased spreading of antibiotic resistance

  11. Urine and faeces:Hormones and pharmaceutical residues (1400 active substances, many identical to natural substances) Problems in aquatic environment Greywater: Most of the 30.000+ substances in society can occur. Organic pollutants in the fractions

  12. Pharmaceuticals, hormones and Cd Hormones – • 17 estradiol and 17 etinylstradioldegraded in day to days Colucci & Topp (2001); Colucci et al. (2001) • More hormones in manure than in urine & faeces Pharmaceuticals • Max dose Oxytetracycline 0,1 g/ha (Winker et al., 2009) • Potatoes in Skåne 2009/10 sprayed with on average 1340 g/ha herbicides och 2530 g/ha fungicides • Pharmaceuticals meant for humans, tested on humans • Can be removed at high energy cost Cd health risk to Swedes – no safety margin • Urine has only 0.6 mg Cd/kg P, blackwater 11 mg/kg, mineral fertilizers 3-6-100 mg/kg P.

  13. Lessons from old US systems Some still running but many closed or urine not used. • Fertilizer product should be used! • Professional installation standard! • Equal or lower running cost and effort • (Appreciation)

  14. New installations – challenges • Organisation and division of responsibilities • Total running costs and efforts • Tradition and acceptance of WW organisation • Increased house investment • Decreased/delayed central investment • Toilets and system know-how • Catch 22

  15. Installations – present and new Europe • Sneek, NL – 30 built, 220 decided • Hamburg, G – Planning for several 1000 installations Sweden – prime actor • Urine diversion 22 000 with collection tank + 120 000 simple inserts with dry faecal handling (Jönsson et al. 2013) • Blackwater122 000 installations with collection tanks (sluten tank) (Jönsson et al. 2013) • Blackwater recycling: SLU/LRF project: (Västervik, Uddevalla, Strängnäs, Västerås, Örebro, Töreboda). Others: Södertälje, Norrtälje, Eskilstuna, Kungsbacka … • Planning: Stockholm (NorraDjurgårdsstaden), Helsingborg (H+), Östhammar,

  16. Conclusions – The future starts now! • Source Separation systemssave energy • SS systemsdecrease nutrients to water • SS systemsincrease nutrient recycling • SS systemsincrease WWTP capacity • SS systems decrease pharmaceuticals and hormones to water • Blackwater systemsdecrease pathogens to environment, surface & ground water • Blackwater systemsdecrease antibiotic resistant organisms to environment • Blackwater & kitchen waste combined systems can give great synergies (collection, treatment, etc.)

  17. References Colucci & Topp. 2001. Persistence of estrogenic hormones in agricultural soils: II. 17 ‐etonylestradiol. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 2077‐2080. Colucci et al. 2001. Persistence of estrogenic hormones in agricultural soils: I. 17‐estradiol and estrone. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 2070‐2076. Eckenfelder & Musterman. 1998. Activated Sludge: Treatment of Industrial Wastewater. Ek et al. 2011. Teknikenkätenskildaavlopp 2009. SMED Rapport 44 Johansson et al. 2000. Urinsortering – en del avkretsloppet. Rapport T17:2000, Byggforskningsrådet. Jönsson. 2002. Urine separating sewage systems – environmental effects and resource usage. Water Science and Technology 46(6-7):333-340. Jönsson et al. 2005. Composition of urine , faeces, greywater and biowaste. Urban Water report. Jönsson et al. 2013. System för återföringavfosforikällsorteradefraktionavurin, fekalier, matavfall och iliknanderötatsamhälls- och lantbruksavfall. Rapport 061, Institutionen för energi och teknik, SLU. Kirchman & Pettersson, 1995. Human urine – chemical composition and fertilizer efficiency. Fertilizer Research 40:149‐154. NV. 2013. Hållbaråterföringavfosfor. Rapport 6580. Naturvårdsverket Rennerfelt, 1991. Kommunal och industriellavloppsteknik. KTH. Spångberg et al. 2014. Environmental impact of recycling nutrients in human excreta to agriculture compared with enhanced wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment 493:209-219. Tervahauta et al.. 2013. Prospects of Source-Separation-Based Sanitation Concepts: A Model-Based Study. Water 5:1006-1035. Tidåker et al. 2007. Environmental impact of wheat production using human urine and mineral fertilisers - a scenario study. Journal of Cleaner Production 15:52-62. Wilsenach. 2006. Treatment of source separated urine and its effects on wastewater systems. Diss. Delft University. Wilsenach & van Loosdrecht. 2003. Impact of separate urine collection on wastewater treatment systems. Water Science and Technology 48(1):103‐10. Winker et al. 2009. Fertiliser products from new sanitation systems: Their potential values and risks. Bioresource Technology 100: 4090–4096.

  18. Volymreduktion – alkalisktorkning och produktionavammoniumtritrat Foto: SuSanA Foto: S. Dutta Ohydrolyseradurinblandas med 5-15% aska Lufttorkning - rumsventilation Högt pH görattureanintehydrolyserar Kvar: N 70-90%;PKS etc. 100% Konc. upp till 20% N Urea ammonium Nitrifiera 50% Ammoniumnitratlösningkoncentreras – lufttorkning, destillationeller RO

  19. Behövsvolym- och läkemedelsreduktion? Volym • 1250 kor + 1250 kvigorproducerarca 35 000 m3/år • KL-system hemma25 000 personer(1,3 m3/p,år) • Urinsorteringhemma 65 000 personer(0,55 m3/p,år) Läkemedel • Gödsling med urin till höstveteenligt N-behov • MaxdosläkemedelOxytetracycline 0,1 g/ha (Winker m.fl., 2009) • PotatisiSkånefick 2009/10 1340 g/ha ogräsmedel och 2530 g/ha svampmedel, tillsammans 3870 g bioaktivaämnen. • Tungmetaller Urin 0,6 mg Cd/kg P och KL-vatten ca 11-13 mg Cd/ha • Läkemedlenkantasbort, om vi vill.

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