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糖尿病致动脉硬化性血脂谱的干预

糖尿病致动脉硬化性血脂谱的干预. 杭州市第一人民医院 ----- 凌峰. 亚洲各国面临 2 型糖尿病的巨大挑战 (2003-2025). Number of People with Diabetes (000). Source: http://www.eatlas.idf.org/prevalence/index (accessed 10/7/2005). 内 容. 2 型糖尿病混合型血脂异常与心血管预后 2 型糖尿病混合型血脂异常干预的终点证据. 糖尿病显著增加心血管疾病风险. ~65% 的患者死于 CV. 2 型糖尿病的心血管并发症. 冠心病死亡  2-4 倍.

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糖尿病致动脉硬化性血脂谱的干预

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  1. 糖尿病致动脉硬化性血脂谱的干预 杭州市第一人民医院-----凌峰

  2. 亚洲各国面临2型糖尿病的巨大挑战(2003-2025) Number of People with Diabetes (000) Source: http://www.eatlas.idf.org/prevalence/index (accessed 10/7/2005)

  3. 内 容 2型糖尿病混合型血脂异常与心血管预后 2型糖尿病混合型血脂异常干预的终点证据

  4. 糖尿病显著增加心血管疾病风险 ~65%的患者死于CV 2型糖尿病的心血管并发症 冠心病死亡2-4倍 中风 2-4倍 心衰 2-5倍 Bell DSH. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2433-41. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). www.cdc.gov.

  5. 2型糖尿病:高TG和低HDL-C的常见共同病因 • 高甘油三酯血症的常见原因 • 肥胖或超重 • 缺乏运动 • 吸烟 • 过量酒精摄入 • 高碳水化合物饮食 • 二型糖尿病 • 某些疾病(慢性肾衰, 肾病综合征) • 某些药物 (皮质类固醇激素, 雌激素, 类维生素A, 大剂量ß受体阻滞剂) • 各类遗传学血脂紊乱 • 低HDL-C血症的常见原因 • 高甘油三酯症 • 超重或肥胖 • 缺乏运动 • 吸烟 • 严重的低纤维高碳水化合物摄入 • 二型糖尿病 • 某些药物 (ß受体阻滞剂, 促蛋白合成类固醇,促孕剂 N Engl J Med 2007;357:1009-17.

  6. 糖尿病患者混合型血脂异常与心血管危险显著相关糖尿病患者混合型血脂异常与心血管危险显著相关 • TG水平上升 • LDL-C在平均水平至中度上升 • 低水平HDL-C • 小而密的颗粒 UKPDS心血管危险因素回归分析CHD危险% LDL-C  1 mmol/L 57 HDL-C  0.1 mmol/L –15 SBP 10 mmHg 15 HbA1c1% 11 “Triglyceride concentration was a risk factor for coronary artery disease after adjustment for age and sex, but it was not an independent risk factor when the other variables were included in the model.” Turner RC et al BMJ 1998;316:823-828.

  7. Framingham Heart Study 3.0 2.5 2.0 CHD relative risk 1.5 0.6 mmol/L 1.0 1.2 mmol/L HDL-C 1.7 mmol/L 0.5 2.2 mmol/L 0 2.6 mmol/L 4.1 mmol/L 5.7 mmol/L LDL-C 低HDL-C:高冠心病危险 The independent effect of raising HDL-C and lowering triglycerides on the risk of coronary and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined. Systolic blood pressure=135 mmHg Kannel WB. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:80A–90A.

  8. Groups CHD Cases N = 262,525 Duration of follow-up  10 years 5902 < 10 years 4256 Sex Male 7728 Female 1994 Fasting status Fasting 7484 Nonfasting 2674 Adjusted for HDL Yes 4469 No 5689 1.72 (1.56–1.90) 1 2 CHD Risk Ratio* (95% CI) TG与冠心病风险显著相关:29个研究(262525例;10158CHD)荟萃分析 *Individuals in top vs bottom third of usual log-TG values, adjusted for at least age, sex, smoking status, lipid concentrations, and blood pressure (most). Sarwar N et al. Circulation. 2007;115:450-458,

  9. Fat Cells Liver FFA CE (hepaticlipase) TG Apo B VLDL (CETP) HDL VLDL X IR TG Apo A-1 (CETP) CE TG Kidney Insulin SDLDL LDL (lipoprotein or hepatic lipase) 高TG与低HDL-C,小而密LDL颗粒胰岛素抵抗与混合型血脂异常

  10. 胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病增加小而致密LDL颗粒的数量胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病增加小而致密LDL颗粒的数量 Concentration of Small Dense LDL, mg/dL (mean ± SD) LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SD = standard deviation; IS = insulin-sensitive; IR = insulin resistance. Garvey WT, et al. Diabetes. 2003;52:453-462.

  11. 小的LDL颗粒带来的危害

  12. 内 容 • 2型糖尿病混合型血脂异常与心血管预后 • 2型糖尿病混合型血脂异常干预的终点证据

  13. 试验 糖尿病例数,* 研究总例数 降脂药物, mg/d 与安慰剂相比,事件发生率的变化 % CARDS † 2,838 2,838 阿托伐他汀 10 –37 (p=0.001) † ASPEN 1,905 2,410 阿托伐他汀 10 – 4 (NS) † FIELD 7,664 9,795 非诺贝特 200 – 19 (p=0.004) AFCAPS 155 6,605 洛伐他汀 20–40 ‡ –44 (NS) HPS § 2,912 20,536 辛伐他汀 40 –33 (p=0.0003) ASCOT 2,532 10,305 阿托伐他汀 10 –16 (NS) PROSPER 623 5,804 普伐他汀 40 +27 (NS) HHS 135 4,081 吉非罗齐 1200 –68 (NS) 糖尿病患者冠心病一级预防临床试验 (主要为他汀研究) 舒降之显著降低糖尿病患者心血管事件风险,阿托伐他汀自相矛盾的结果 * 根据病史; † 在糖尿病患者中的前瞻性研究; 其他为亚群分析; ‡ 均值 30 mg/d;§ 1或2型糖尿病

  14. 降脂药物 mg/d 与安慰剂相比, 事件发生率的变化 % 试验 糖尿病病例数 研究总例数 4S Reanalysis CARE LIPID LIPS § HPS § 4D ¶ ASPEN VA-HIT ¶ DAIS ¶ || FIELD ¶ 202†483‡ 586† 1,077‡ 202† 3,051† 1,255† 505 † 769‡ 418† 2,131 辛伐他汀 20–40 辛伐他汀 20–40 普伐他汀 40 普伐他汀 40 氟伐他汀 80 辛伐他汀 40 阿托伐他汀 20 阿托伐他汀 10 吉非罗齐 1,200 非诺贝特 200 非诺贝特 200 –55 (p=.002)–42 (p=.001) –25 (p=.05) –19 (NS) –47 (p=.04) –18 (p=.002) – 8 (NS) – 18 (NS) –32 (p=.004) –23 (NS) + 2 (NS) 4,444 4,444 4,159 9,014 1,677 20,536 1,255 2,410 2,351 418 9795 糖尿病患者冠心病二级预防的临床试验 (主要为他汀研究) 舒降之显著降低糖尿病患者心血管事件风险,阿托伐他汀的阴性结果 • 在4D和VA-HIT研究中包括卒中; † 根据病史 ;‡ 根据病史或血糖126 mg/dL; ¶ 在糖尿病患者中的前瞻性研究; • § 1或2型糖尿病; || 血管影像学研究; 其他为亚群分析

  15. Diabetes No diabetes 降脂研究荟萃分析(主要为他汀研究) N = 80,862 with and without diabetes, 12 trials NNT Primary prevention Secondary prevention 糖尿病患者降脂治疗获益显著大于非糖尿病患者 NNT = number needed to treat Costa J et al. BMJ. 2006;332:1115-24.

  16. 辛伐他汀显著改善糖尿病合并冠心病患者血脂异常三联症 4S研究 Lipid Triad Group: Baseline: LDL-C=195mg/dL, TG=191mg/dL, HDL-C=33mg/dL; Lipid Triad Group: n=424; Sim: n=206; Placebo: n=218. 35.7% simvastatin patients were titrated from 20 to 40mg at 1 year. Ballantyne CM. Circulation. 2001;104:3046-3051.

  17. Simvastatin 40 Placebo 37.5 30.4 30 26.2 23.5 19.5 18.6 20 CV events (%) 10 0 NFG IFG DM RR 95% Cl P n 0.68 0.59-0.79 <0.001 1631/1606 0.62 0.46-0.85 0.003 335/343 0.58 0.41-0.80 0.001 232/251 4S研究:辛伐他汀治疗糖尿病合并冠心病益处 -42% Haffner SM et al. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2661-2667.

  18. 辛伐他汀 安慰剂 50 37.5 37.5 40 35.5 30 25.9 24.2 23.4 CV Event Rate (%) 19.0 18.1 20 10 0 血脂异常三联症, 糖尿病 血脂异常三联症, 非糖尿病 非血脂异常三联症, 糖尿病 非血脂异常三联症, 非糖尿病 n 40 33 197 188 192 218 1794 1782 辛伐他汀降低糖尿病合并冠心病且血脂异常三联症患者的心血管事件风险 4S研究(LDL+ Low HDL+ High TG) LDL=low-density lipoprotein; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; TG=triglycerides. Ballantyne CM. Circulation. 2001;140:3046-3051

  19. 9% 13% HPS研究:辛伐他汀治疗糖尿病患者的益处 18.4% 相对风险下降 32.9% 24.5% P值 0.0003 <0.0001 0.002 40 P S=辛伐他汀组P=安慰剂组 S 30 P S -32.9% 20 发生首次主要心血管事件的比例(%) P -18.4% S 10 20% 25% 31% 36% 0 单纯糖尿病 单纯阻塞性动脉 病变 兼有糖尿病与 阻塞性动脉病变 Lancet. 2003;361:2005-2016.

  20. SILHOUETTE研究:辛伐他汀40mg/80mg全面改善糖尿病患者的血脂异常SILHOUETTE研究:辛伐他汀40mg/80mg全面改善糖尿病患者的血脂异常 CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION VOL. 20, NO. 7, 2004, 1087–1094

  21. 对HDL和LDL的理解

  22. LXR Feces Macrophage Bile ABCG1 Mature HDL LXR Nascent HDL A-I FC A-I LXR BA CE FC LCAT FC LXR FC CE SR-BI ABCA1 ABCA1 SR-A LDLR CETP Liver Oxidation CE B VLDL/LDL 胆固醇逆向转运:HDL的功能更重要 CETP = cholesterol ester transfer protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein LDLR = low-density lipoprotein receptor; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein LCAT= lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; FC = Free Cholesterol LXR = liver X receptor; ABCA1(G1) = adenosine triphosphate cassettebinding transporter A1 (G1);

  23. ILLUMINATE研究被迫提前终止, • 什么原因导致心血管事件风险和死亡风险的增加? • 药物本身的副作用!Torcetrapib的靶点外效应: • 如影响血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,导致钠钾失衡,收缩压升高 • CETP抑制剂的类效应? • 虽升高HDL-C水平,但影响其功能?使HDL-C变得有害? Barter, PJ, et al. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2109-22

  24. SILHOUETTE研究:辛伐他汀可以有效升高对心血管具有更好保护作用的HDL2SILHOUETTE研究:辛伐他汀可以有效升高对心血管具有更好保护作用的HDL2 SILHOUETTE研究 CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION VOL. 20, NO. 7, 2004, 1087–1094

  25. CTT (Meta)糖尿病亚组他汀降脂(14个随机临床研究,18686例患者,平均4.3年随访) 进一步证实了HPS糖尿病亚组的结果 Lancet 2008; 371: 117-25 Lancet 2003; 361: 2005-16

  26. “尽管高TG和/或低HDL-C在糖尿病患者中是常见的,临床研究结果支持把LDL-C作为治疗的首要目标“尽管高TG和/或低HDL-C在糖尿病患者中是常见的,临床研究结果支持把LDL-C作为治疗的首要目标 NCEP血脂治疗指南推荐LDL-C为糖尿病患者的首要治疗目标 Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report - - NCEP ATP III. Circulation. 2002;106: 3143-3421.

  27. ADA糖尿病治疗指南(2009)——血脂管理 • 生活方式改变有利于患者血脂指标的改善(A) • 对所有患者,无论治疗前血脂水平如何,除生活方式改变以外,伴有冠心病或者40岁以上伴有一项危险因素者,需要加用他汀治疗。(A) • 单纯糖尿病患者的首要目标:LDL-C<100mg/dL(A)糖尿病合并心血管疾病患者, 使用大剂量他汀使患者的LDL-C<70mg/dl是可选目标(E) • 如果使用最大可耐受剂量他汀无法达到上述目标,LDL-C降低40%以上是可选目标(A) • TG<150mg/dl;HDL-C>40mg/dl(男性)>50mg/dl(女性)为控制目标,但是以LDL-C为治疗目标的他汀治疗是优先策略(C) DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 31, SUPPLEMENT 1, JANUARY 2008

  28. SAFARI:辛伐他汀与非诺贝特联用显著改善血脂谱SAFARI:辛伐他汀与非诺贝特联用显著改善血脂谱 Simvastatin 20 mg * 30 Simvastatin 20 mg + Fenofibrate 160 mg 19 20 10 10 0 -10 Change From Baseline, % -20 -20 -24 -30 -26 -31 -40 * -43 -50 * -49 -60 * LDL-C VLDL-C TG HDL-C N = 618. *P < 0.001 vs simvastatin. SAFARI = sdf. Grundy SM et al. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:462-468.

  29. HATS:伴与不伴代谢综合症辛伐他汀与烟酸联用显著改善冠脉狭窄和心血管事件HATS:伴与不伴代谢综合症辛伐他汀与烟酸联用显著改善冠脉狭窄和心血管事件 90% Reduction 40% Reduction Placebo Niacin + Simvastatin Change in Stenosis, % CVD Event Rate, % † * * * 代谢综合征 n = 69 非代谢综合征 n = 77 代谢综合征 n = 77 非代谢综合征 n = 83 *P ≤ 0.05 vs placebo.†P = 0.02 vs metabolic syndrome placebo. Zhao X et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(suppl A):242A; abstract 1130-73.

  30. FIELD研究:贝特和他汀联合应用安全性 *Myositis was experienced by 1 placebo and 2 fenofibrate patients †Rhabdomyolysis was experienced by 1 placebo and 3 fenofibrate patients Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase, CPK, creatine phosphokinase, ULN, upper limit of normal The FIELD Study Investigators. Lancet [Early Online Publication]. November 14, 2005.

  31. 总 结 • LDL-C,HDL-C和TG都与心血管风险显著相关。 • 2型糖尿病患者混合型血脂异常与心血管风险显著相关。 • 2型糖尿病患者混合型血脂异常干预的终点研究显示:他汀的证据是最充分的,尤其是辛伐他汀20-40mg。同时他汀与非诺贝特或烟酸的联用是安全的。

  32. 谢谢!

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